BIOCHIP

BIOCHIP

ABSTRACT

A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput and speed. Typically, a biochip's surface area is no larger than a fingernail. Like a computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operations in one second, a biochip can perform thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few seconds.

Introduction

A genetic biochip is designed to "freeze" into place the structures of many short strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the basic chemical instruction that determines the characteristics of an organism. Effectively, it is used as a kind of "test tube" for real chemical samples. A specially designed microscope can determine where the sample hybridized with DNA strands in the biochip. Biochips helped to dramatically accelerate the identification of the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, an ongoing world-wide research collaboration known as the Human Genome Project. The microchip is described as a sort of "word search" function that can quickly sequence DNA.
In addition to genetic applications, the biochip is being used in toxicological, protein, and biochemical research. Biochips can also be used to rapidly detect chemical agents used in biological warfare so that defensive measures can be taken. The biology was evolving rapidly towards an information base, and it reminded him of quantum mechanics in the 1930s,and idea that it would now be possible to calculate the properties of all materials under all conditions from these mathematical equations. That was true, he said, but it took years to advance materials science and computational chemistry to where they are today, and that this came about by transferring the practical applications of the equations from
mathematicians and theoretical physicists to other disciplines where they were looked at from new perspectives. The same was now true of biology. Important advances would now come as physicists mathematicians and engineers joined with biologists to attain the future that in principle they now know is possible.