APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Abstract:
This paper represents a latest trend technology in the Integrated Circuit world. The technology is known as an ASIC (“a-sick”) is application specific integrated circuit, which plays a vital role in present day electronic systems. Application specific integrated circuits are squeezed into a single chip, reducing system size, power, heat and cost. This technology is possible because of computer tools that helps humans design chip much more quickly.
Introduction:
The most interesting development in integrated circuit technology for the average digital design are not the ever increasing chip sizes, but the ever-increasing opportunities to “design your own chip”. Chips designed for a particular limited product or application are called semicustom IC or ASICs. ASIC generally reduce total component and manufacturing cost of a product by reducing chip count, physical size and power consumption. They also provide higher performance.
ASIC is a technology, which is simulated with the help of VHDL, ABEL and VERILOG etc. It may be in the form of logic equations, state tables or state diagrams.
Saturday, November 29, 2008
Wednesday, November 26, 2008
Global Mobile Communication using satellites
Global Mobile Communication using satellites
Abstract
Today the world is dominated by the two Mobile System (1)GSM (2)WLL .The architecture of both the system provides limited mobility. To over come this and other such problems, Mobile communication-using satellite is being invented Global mobile satellite communications (GMSC) are specific satellite communication systems for maritime, land and aeronautical applications. It enables connections between moving objects such as ships, vehicles and aircrafts, and telecommunications subscribers through the medium of communications satellites, ground earth stations, PTT or other landline telecommunications providers.
The basic architecture consist of satellite phone which directly transmits to the satellite orbiting above it .This satellite connect the user to the nearest Earth station
Also known as Hub. This hub is connected to the local network exchange
Mobile communication can also be done using GPS networks.
Abstract
Today the world is dominated by the two Mobile System (1)GSM (2)WLL .The architecture of both the system provides limited mobility. To over come this and other such problems, Mobile communication-using satellite is being invented Global mobile satellite communications (GMSC) are specific satellite communication systems for maritime, land and aeronautical applications. It enables connections between moving objects such as ships, vehicles and aircrafts, and telecommunications subscribers through the medium of communications satellites, ground earth stations, PTT or other landline telecommunications providers.
The basic architecture consist of satellite phone which directly transmits to the satellite orbiting above it .This satellite connect the user to the nearest Earth station
Also known as Hub. This hub is connected to the local network exchange
Mobile communication can also be done using GPS networks.
Friday, November 21, 2008
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid Prototyping
ABSTRACT
The world of economy is witnessing a regime of globalization and trade liberalization. These changes have brought in an intense competition in the manufacturing engineering industries. More ever, the competition is not on a local scale. One aspect of such a competitive environment is the need to develop new, improved products in a shorter development cycle time. The product development process requires huge investment time. With the advent of technology like computer Aided Design and Computer aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM),it has been already found that the development process can be made more efficient. However, the technologies of Rapid Prototyping and Tooling coupled with CAD/CAM technique now provide a powerful technological platform for product development activities.
This first chapter of this paper includes introduction of RP and basic steps in producing RP component. Second chapter covers different processes of rapid prototyping such as Stereolithography, Solid Ground Curing, Selective Object Manufacturing and comparison of these processes. The next part consists of data transfer to RPT, applications of RPT.
Hence, the rise of Rapid Prototyping has spurred progress in traditional subtractive methods as well. Advances in computerized path planning, numeric control, and machine dynamics are increasing the speed and accuracy of machining. Thus days are not far off when RP machines might as common as CAD/CAM workstation and perhaps even replace conventional manufacturing technique.
ABSTRACT
The world of economy is witnessing a regime of globalization and trade liberalization. These changes have brought in an intense competition in the manufacturing engineering industries. More ever, the competition is not on a local scale. One aspect of such a competitive environment is the need to develop new, improved products in a shorter development cycle time. The product development process requires huge investment time. With the advent of technology like computer Aided Design and Computer aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM),it has been already found that the development process can be made more efficient. However, the technologies of Rapid Prototyping and Tooling coupled with CAD/CAM technique now provide a powerful technological platform for product development activities.
This first chapter of this paper includes introduction of RP and basic steps in producing RP component. Second chapter covers different processes of rapid prototyping such as Stereolithography, Solid Ground Curing, Selective Object Manufacturing and comparison of these processes. The next part consists of data transfer to RPT, applications of RPT.
Hence, the rise of Rapid Prototyping has spurred progress in traditional subtractive methods as well. Advances in computerized path planning, numeric control, and machine dynamics are increasing the speed and accuracy of machining. Thus days are not far off when RP machines might as common as CAD/CAM workstation and perhaps even replace conventional manufacturing technique.
Thursday, November 20, 2008
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
ABSTRACT
Power system planning has become considerably more complex today because of uncertainties in load growth, fuel prices & fuel availability & concern for environment. New options such as clean coal, technologies, storage & renewable technologies; demand side management & co-generation are being pursued as solution to meet these new challenges.
Power shortages have been in force in India ever since seventies. The state electricity boards have resorted to restricting consumption in order to meet the rapid growth in demand from various consumer categories. The cuts have ranged from 10 to 60 % in several state electricity boards. The question of load management through the pricing option has been only tried on a limited scale in very less boards in the country.
This paper presents “Need for demand side management” & importance of pricing mechanism & also impact of the experiences of the utilities who have adopted prizing as a means load management & identify the factors that would have to be considered in order to implement an efficient prizing mechanism for load management.
ABSTRACT
Power system planning has become considerably more complex today because of uncertainties in load growth, fuel prices & fuel availability & concern for environment. New options such as clean coal, technologies, storage & renewable technologies; demand side management & co-generation are being pursued as solution to meet these new challenges.
Power shortages have been in force in India ever since seventies. The state electricity boards have resorted to restricting consumption in order to meet the rapid growth in demand from various consumer categories. The cuts have ranged from 10 to 60 % in several state electricity boards. The question of load management through the pricing option has been only tried on a limited scale in very less boards in the country.
This paper presents “Need for demand side management” & importance of pricing mechanism & also impact of the experiences of the utilities who have adopted prizing as a means load management & identify the factors that would have to be considered in order to implement an efficient prizing mechanism for load management.
Wednesday, November 19, 2008
Robonaut- “New Generation Spacewalker"
Robonaut- “New Generation Spacewalker"
ABSTRACT
This paper presents ‘Robonaut’, a humanoid robot designed to revolutionize the future of the space age. Robonaut is one of a kind - a “New Generation Spacewalker’, ‘the first Space Telerobot’, that can work in space with simplicity and a high level of dexterity. To borrow a line from the fictitious starship “Enterprise”, Robonaut will “go where no Robot has gone before”.
This paper enumerates Robonaut’s Technical Specifications, describes his anatomical and functional structure & the various tests performed on him. It highlights the development of robotic technology with future applications where humans & machines play complementary roles.
INTRODUCTION
The future of robots in space is not a question of human versus machine, but rather a combination of the best capabilities of human and machine to achieve something which surpasses the capabilities of either alone.
Robonaut is the first step towards achieving a synergy between tele-operation and robotics. When it is launched into space in the year 2004-05 by NASA
ABSTRACT
This paper presents ‘Robonaut’, a humanoid robot designed to revolutionize the future of the space age. Robonaut is one of a kind - a “New Generation Spacewalker’, ‘the first Space Telerobot’, that can work in space with simplicity and a high level of dexterity. To borrow a line from the fictitious starship “Enterprise”, Robonaut will “go where no Robot has gone before”.
This paper enumerates Robonaut’s Technical Specifications, describes his anatomical and functional structure & the various tests performed on him. It highlights the development of robotic technology with future applications where humans & machines play complementary roles.
INTRODUCTION
The future of robots in space is not a question of human versus machine, but rather a combination of the best capabilities of human and machine to achieve something which surpasses the capabilities of either alone.
Robonaut is the first step towards achieving a synergy between tele-operation and robotics. When it is launched into space in the year 2004-05 by NASA
Tuesday, November 18, 2008
POWER RESTRUCTING SYSTEM (ISLANDING SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANTS)
POWER RESTRUCTING SYSTEM (ISLANDING SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANTS)
ABSTRACT
In India internal Grid system is used, which is more useful for the continuation of the electric supply. Grid islanding scheme is a set of protective relays, connected at the incomer bus-these relays will sense a disturbance in the grid and give a trip command to the incomer breaker whenever the grid disturbance exceeds a set limit. By opening the incomer breaker, the plant is isolated from the grid. When the frequency begins to decrease (due to peak loads or heavy faults) the network is split into definite sections at predetermined points by frequency relays. The difference between output and load is reduced in every section by load shedding or load equalization in every island.
ABSTRACT
In India internal Grid system is used, which is more useful for the continuation of the electric supply. Grid islanding scheme is a set of protective relays, connected at the incomer bus-these relays will sense a disturbance in the grid and give a trip command to the incomer breaker whenever the grid disturbance exceeds a set limit. By opening the incomer breaker, the plant is isolated from the grid. When the frequency begins to decrease (due to peak loads or heavy faults) the network is split into definite sections at predetermined points by frequency relays. The difference between output and load is reduced in every section by load shedding or load equalization in every island.
Monday, November 17, 2008
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF DISTILLATION COLUMN BY USING FUZZY LOGIC
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF DISTILLATION COLUMN BY USING FUZZY LOGIC
Abstract
The present work describe the development and implementation of fuzzy control algorithms in order to control on-line the overhead product composition of a distillation column. Firstly, the influence of design parameters was evaluated through computational simulations and then the algorithms were experimentally tested by monitoring a pilot column. Binary mixtures of n-hexane/n-heptane were distilled. Temperature measurements and vapor-liquid equilibrium data are the basis for the inference of overhead and bottom compositions. Two different operational strategies were used for the experimental runs: constant overhead product composition and previously determined set-point trajectory.
Using the first strategy, the performance of the fuzzy controllers is compared to the performance of conventional feedback digital controllers. Experimental results show that fuzzy control presents a better performance than the conventional digital feedback control and also that fuzzy controllers were able to deal successfully with variable set-point strategy, albeit using constant design parameter values.
Under conventional control, the average reflux rate implemented was higher than the average reflux rate implemented with fuzzy algorithms. Consequently, the process becomes less time- and energy-consuming under fuzzy control. Since fuzzy methodology is a promising new way of looking at process control problems and their solutions, the results of this work could provide control system designers with a better evaluation of the potential worth of fuzzy control.
Abstract
The present work describe the development and implementation of fuzzy control algorithms in order to control on-line the overhead product composition of a distillation column. Firstly, the influence of design parameters was evaluated through computational simulations and then the algorithms were experimentally tested by monitoring a pilot column. Binary mixtures of n-hexane/n-heptane were distilled. Temperature measurements and vapor-liquid equilibrium data are the basis for the inference of overhead and bottom compositions. Two different operational strategies were used for the experimental runs: constant overhead product composition and previously determined set-point trajectory.
Using the first strategy, the performance of the fuzzy controllers is compared to the performance of conventional feedback digital controllers. Experimental results show that fuzzy control presents a better performance than the conventional digital feedback control and also that fuzzy controllers were able to deal successfully with variable set-point strategy, albeit using constant design parameter values.
Under conventional control, the average reflux rate implemented was higher than the average reflux rate implemented with fuzzy algorithms. Consequently, the process becomes less time- and energy-consuming under fuzzy control. Since fuzzy methodology is a promising new way of looking at process control problems and their solutions, the results of this work could provide control system designers with a better evaluation of the potential worth of fuzzy control.
Friday, November 14, 2008
WiMAX
WiMAX
Introduction
WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m). With WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers.WiMAX can be used for wireless networking in much the same way as the more common WiFi protocol. WiMAX is a second-generation protocol that allows for more efficient bandwidth use, interference avoidance, and is intended to allow higher data rates over longer distances. The IEEE 802.16 standard defines the technical features of the communications protocol. The WiMAX Forum offers a means of testing manufacturer's equipment for compatibility, as well as an industry group dedicated to fostering the development and commercialization of the technology.WiMax.com provides a focal point for consumers, service providers, manufacturers, analysts, and researchers who are interested in WiMAX technology, services, and products. Soon, WiMAX will be a very well recognized term to describe wireless Internet access throughout the world.
Intel has called 802.16 “the most important thing since the Internet itself”, and even allowing for a dose of self-serving, it is not talking entirely in hyperbole.
In July, WiMAX showed off its first system profiles and interoperability tests at the WCAannual conference in Washington DC, in a significant step towards making the 802.16astandard, ratified by the IEEE in March, a commercial technology.
While a fully mobile version of WiMAX is in the wings, this first release will cover fixed wireless, and its supporters are focusing in particular on broadband last mile in unwired areas, and on backhaul for hotspots.
The initial version of the standard operates in the 10-66GHz frequency band and requires line of sight towers, but the 802.16a extension, ratified in March, uses the lower frequency of2-11GHz, easing regulatory issues, and does not require line of sight. It boasts a 31 mile range compared to Wi-Fi’s 200-300 yards, and 70Mbps data transfer rates.
Abstract
Broadband wireless access provides more capacity at lower cost than DSL or cable for extending the fibre networks and supporting multimedia and fast internet applications in the enterprise or home. But it has been held back by the lack of a standard, so that solution shave been based on proprietary, single-vendor efforts. Standardization through the IEEE 802.16 specification raises the potential to:
• Stall wired broadband and make wireless the key platform of the future
• Extend the range of Wi-Fi so that the myth of ubiquitous wireless can become a
reality
• Provide an alternative or complement to 3G
• Provide an economically viable communications infrastructure for developing
countries and mobile blackspot regions in developed nations.
Introduction
WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m). With WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers.WiMAX can be used for wireless networking in much the same way as the more common WiFi protocol. WiMAX is a second-generation protocol that allows for more efficient bandwidth use, interference avoidance, and is intended to allow higher data rates over longer distances. The IEEE 802.16 standard defines the technical features of the communications protocol. The WiMAX Forum offers a means of testing manufacturer's equipment for compatibility, as well as an industry group dedicated to fostering the development and commercialization of the technology.WiMax.com provides a focal point for consumers, service providers, manufacturers, analysts, and researchers who are interested in WiMAX technology, services, and products. Soon, WiMAX will be a very well recognized term to describe wireless Internet access throughout the world.
Intel has called 802.16 “the most important thing since the Internet itself”, and even allowing for a dose of self-serving, it is not talking entirely in hyperbole.
In July, WiMAX showed off its first system profiles and interoperability tests at the WCAannual conference in Washington DC, in a significant step towards making the 802.16astandard, ratified by the IEEE in March, a commercial technology.
While a fully mobile version of WiMAX is in the wings, this first release will cover fixed wireless, and its supporters are focusing in particular on broadband last mile in unwired areas, and on backhaul for hotspots.
The initial version of the standard operates in the 10-66GHz frequency band and requires line of sight towers, but the 802.16a extension, ratified in March, uses the lower frequency of2-11GHz, easing regulatory issues, and does not require line of sight. It boasts a 31 mile range compared to Wi-Fi’s 200-300 yards, and 70Mbps data transfer rates.
Abstract
Broadband wireless access provides more capacity at lower cost than DSL or cable for extending the fibre networks and supporting multimedia and fast internet applications in the enterprise or home. But it has been held back by the lack of a standard, so that solution shave been based on proprietary, single-vendor efforts. Standardization through the IEEE 802.16 specification raises the potential to:
• Stall wired broadband and make wireless the key platform of the future
• Extend the range of Wi-Fi so that the myth of ubiquitous wireless can become a
reality
• Provide an alternative or complement to 3G
• Provide an economically viable communications infrastructure for developing
countries and mobile blackspot regions in developed nations.
Thursday, November 13, 2008
Micro Hydro Power
Micro Hydro Power
Abstract
The ever increasing demand of the electric power with the increase in population has put all the pressures. To tap each and every source of power generation the conventional method of power generation need to be reinforced with different alternatives.
Micro hydro power was once the world's prominent source of mechanical power for manufacturing. Micro hydro is making a come back for electricity generation in homes. There is also growing market for micro hydro electricity in developing countries. Hydro power is the conversion of the kinetic energy in falling water into electricity. The vast majority of hydro power today is being generated at huge facilities with large dams and reservoirs. Reliable, low-cost, emission-free, renewable energy is produced in this way, but the environmental and social costs of large scale hydro projects, from the damming of rivers and flooding of large tracts of land to the displacement of people from the affected areas has led to increasing opposition to further large scale hydro power development.
Micro-hydro is hydro power generation on a small, even tiny, scale. Recent improvements in small turbine design allow for the efficient generation of power from even a low-volume stream with only a short vertical drop (known as "head").
Abstract
The ever increasing demand of the electric power with the increase in population has put all the pressures. To tap each and every source of power generation the conventional method of power generation need to be reinforced with different alternatives.
Micro hydro power was once the world's prominent source of mechanical power for manufacturing. Micro hydro is making a come back for electricity generation in homes. There is also growing market for micro hydro electricity in developing countries. Hydro power is the conversion of the kinetic energy in falling water into electricity. The vast majority of hydro power today is being generated at huge facilities with large dams and reservoirs. Reliable, low-cost, emission-free, renewable energy is produced in this way, but the environmental and social costs of large scale hydro projects, from the damming of rivers and flooding of large tracts of land to the displacement of people from the affected areas has led to increasing opposition to further large scale hydro power development.
Micro-hydro is hydro power generation on a small, even tiny, scale. Recent improvements in small turbine design allow for the efficient generation of power from even a low-volume stream with only a short vertical drop (known as "head").
Wednesday, November 12, 2008
Alternative Energy for Stationary Engines in Developing Countries
Alternative Energy for Stationary Engines in Developing Countries
Abstract:
The search for renewable energy sources is being made universally and this includes alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Vegetable oil has been suggested and tested as one of the alternatives for conventional engine fuel; it would help to extend the life of fast-depleting petroleum reserves. A comprehensive review is attempted in this paper of the work available in the literature on the use of vegetable oil as fuel for stationary compression ignition engines. Generally short term engine tests have been successful with vegetable oil; long-term tests have been exposed the fuel’s limitations with respect to lubricant contamination, deposits on engine surfaces and injection problems, which adversely affected engine durability and performance in the long term. Transesterification of some of the oils is reported to have improved the long-term performance. Pure vegetable oil and different blends with diesel oil have been employed as engine fuels for comparative performance studies and the best mixes sought for different oils.
Abstract:
The search for renewable energy sources is being made universally and this includes alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Vegetable oil has been suggested and tested as one of the alternatives for conventional engine fuel; it would help to extend the life of fast-depleting petroleum reserves. A comprehensive review is attempted in this paper of the work available in the literature on the use of vegetable oil as fuel for stationary compression ignition engines. Generally short term engine tests have been successful with vegetable oil; long-term tests have been exposed the fuel’s limitations with respect to lubricant contamination, deposits on engine surfaces and injection problems, which adversely affected engine durability and performance in the long term. Transesterification of some of the oils is reported to have improved the long-term performance. Pure vegetable oil and different blends with diesel oil have been employed as engine fuels for comparative performance studies and the best mixes sought for different oils.
Tuesday, November 11, 2008
'You've got to find what you love,' Steve Jobs
'You've got to find what you love,' Steve Jobs
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.
______________________________________________________________________
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.
Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.
______________________________________________________________________
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.
Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
Thank you all very much.
Monday, November 10, 2008
Smart Composites
Smart Composites
ABSTRACT
This paper describes studies on smart composites. The research and development in smart composites is highlighted. The study can be categorized into sensing and actuating from the viewpoint of the smart functions. The sensing functions are applied to process monitoring and health monitoring, while the actuating functions are available for vibration damping, noise reduction, high-deformable composites and repairing. These smart composites integrate active elements such as sensors and actuators into a host structure to create improved or new functionalities through a clever choice of the active elements and/or a proper design of the structure. In addition, practical studies of smart composites are on increase because it has been recognized that smart composites have promise to reduce the cost, improve the reliability and upgrade their value in the coming years. The basic studies in the laboratory, the practical studies and wide applications of smart composites are also addressed in this paper.
ABSTRACT
This paper describes studies on smart composites. The research and development in smart composites is highlighted. The study can be categorized into sensing and actuating from the viewpoint of the smart functions. The sensing functions are applied to process monitoring and health monitoring, while the actuating functions are available for vibration damping, noise reduction, high-deformable composites and repairing. These smart composites integrate active elements such as sensors and actuators into a host structure to create improved or new functionalities through a clever choice of the active elements and/or a proper design of the structure. In addition, practical studies of smart composites are on increase because it has been recognized that smart composites have promise to reduce the cost, improve the reliability and upgrade their value in the coming years. The basic studies in the laboratory, the practical studies and wide applications of smart composites are also addressed in this paper.
Sunday, November 9, 2008
BLU-RAY Disc
BLU-RAY Disc
ABSTRACT
BLU-RAY disc is a next generation optical disc format meant for storage of high definition video and high density data .It can record, store and playback high digital audio as well as computer data. The advantage of BLU-RAY is the sheer amount of information it can hold:
1. A single layer BLU-RAY disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27GB of data-that’s more than 2hours of high definition video or about 13 hours of standard video.
2. A double layer BLU-RAY disc can store up to 54 GB enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video.
BLU-RAY gets its name from the blue- violet laser it uses to read and write to the disc. BLU-RAY discs not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. Users will be able to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles and other interactive movie features.
It has been jointly developed by the BLU-RAY Disc Association (BDA), a group of leading consumer electronics and PC companies (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson).
It’s success will make the world look to BLU-RAY as the future of storage media.
Which will have the potential to lower the costs and ensure it’s easy availability round the globe!!!!!!!
The following papers would help us familiarize with the concept behind the very latest and happening transferable storage media---THE BLU-RAY!!!!!
And in turn discuss the features, working, production, applications and it’s position in today’s competitive technical mart, as compared with existing discs.
ABSTRACT
BLU-RAY disc is a next generation optical disc format meant for storage of high definition video and high density data .It can record, store and playback high digital audio as well as computer data. The advantage of BLU-RAY is the sheer amount of information it can hold:
1. A single layer BLU-RAY disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27GB of data-that’s more than 2hours of high definition video or about 13 hours of standard video.
2. A double layer BLU-RAY disc can store up to 54 GB enough to hold about 4.5 hours of high definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video.
BLU-RAY gets its name from the blue- violet laser it uses to read and write to the disc. BLU-RAY discs not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. Users will be able to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles and other interactive movie features.
It has been jointly developed by the BLU-RAY Disc Association (BDA), a group of leading consumer electronics and PC companies (including Apple, Dell, Hitachi, HP, JVC, LG, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TDK and Thomson).
It’s success will make the world look to BLU-RAY as the future of storage media.
Which will have the potential to lower the costs and ensure it’s easy availability round the globe!!!!!!!
The following papers would help us familiarize with the concept behind the very latest and happening transferable storage media---THE BLU-RAY!!!!!
And in turn discuss the features, working, production, applications and it’s position in today’s competitive technical mart, as compared with existing discs.
Saturday, November 8, 2008
NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
What is Nanotechnology?
Imagine a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy
Small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread. Or a box no larger than a sugar
Cube that contains the entire contents of the Library of Congress. Or materials much
lighter than steel that possesses ten times as much strength.
Nanotechnology is often referred to as a general-purpose technology. That's because in
Its advanced form it will have significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of
Society. It offers better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the
Home, for communications, for medicine, for transportation, for agriculture, and for
industry in general.
The paper which is being presented here begins with introduction about Nanotechnology, some historical background, scope and application in field of electronics and telecommunication, agriculture, defence, energy and environment, space exploration, transportation, biomedical sciences& latest research’s at in INDIA.
At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter. Nanotechnology research & developments is directed toward understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.
The concept of Nanotechnology, first suggested by Richard Feynman over 40 years ago, is now coming much closer to actual existence.
ABSTRACT
What is Nanotechnology?
Imagine a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy
Small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread. Or a box no larger than a sugar
Cube that contains the entire contents of the Library of Congress. Or materials much
lighter than steel that possesses ten times as much strength.
Nanotechnology is often referred to as a general-purpose technology. That's because in
Its advanced form it will have significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of
Society. It offers better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer, and smarter products for the
Home, for communications, for medicine, for transportation, for agriculture, and for
industry in general.
The paper which is being presented here begins with introduction about Nanotechnology, some historical background, scope and application in field of electronics and telecommunication, agriculture, defence, energy and environment, space exploration, transportation, biomedical sciences& latest research’s at in INDIA.
INTRODUCTION:-
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale.
At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter. Nanotechnology research & developments is directed toward understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.
The concept of Nanotechnology, first suggested by Richard Feynman over 40 years ago, is now coming much closer to actual existence.
Nanotechnology is a technology in which most of the work is to done in the future and till now mainly the concept of this technology has been proposed. So the scientists are now making long promises for the future of this technology.
FUEL CELL - An alternate energy
FUEL CELL - An alternate energy
ABSTRACT
The demand of fuel cell is ever increasing. In view of the depleting natural resources, it is essential that we explore alternative energy sources. The energy sources should be efficient, stable, clean and economical. Also the growth of the country directly depends on the energy resources. Therefore, every country is looking for alternatives for traditional energy sources, being used today. Recently in JAPAN some of the developed countries signed Kyoto protocol under which they agreed to cut the % of emission of harmful gases. Although the traditional energy sources cannot be completely replaced, fuel cells are the most promising option for petrol, diesel, coal etc. We can call the fuel cell the future face of energy.
A fuel cell works similar to a battery. A fuel cell can produce electricity as long as more fuel and oxidant is pumped through it there are numerous types of fuel cell that have been made, such as SOLID OXIDE (SOFC), DIRECT ALCOHOL (DAFC), POLYMER ELECTROLYTE (PEFC), PHOSPHORIC ACID (PACFC), MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC) & ALKALINE (AFC), The application of Fuel cell ranges from simple batteries, cars to electric generators.
DMFC & PEFC are the most probable for automotive sector which will out do present conventional gasoline engines & electric powered engines.
SOFC &MCFC are the most probable for medium range power plant, are more efficient than conventional small gas turbines.
In the near future with extended research work the benefits of both conventional &fuel cell can be utilized by fusing them.
The article introduces the concept of ‘fuel cell’, its working, types, application and research in India and other parts of world.
ABSTRACT
The demand of fuel cell is ever increasing. In view of the depleting natural resources, it is essential that we explore alternative energy sources. The energy sources should be efficient, stable, clean and economical. Also the growth of the country directly depends on the energy resources. Therefore, every country is looking for alternatives for traditional energy sources, being used today. Recently in JAPAN some of the developed countries signed Kyoto protocol under which they agreed to cut the % of emission of harmful gases. Although the traditional energy sources cannot be completely replaced, fuel cells are the most promising option for petrol, diesel, coal etc. We can call the fuel cell the future face of energy.
A fuel cell works similar to a battery. A fuel cell can produce electricity as long as more fuel and oxidant is pumped through it there are numerous types of fuel cell that have been made, such as SOLID OXIDE (SOFC), DIRECT ALCOHOL (DAFC), POLYMER ELECTROLYTE (PEFC), PHOSPHORIC ACID (PACFC), MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC) & ALKALINE (AFC), The application of Fuel cell ranges from simple batteries, cars to electric generators.
DMFC & PEFC are the most probable for automotive sector which will out do present conventional gasoline engines & electric powered engines.
SOFC &MCFC are the most probable for medium range power plant, are more efficient than conventional small gas turbines.
In the near future with extended research work the benefits of both conventional &fuel cell can be utilized by fusing them.
The article introduces the concept of ‘fuel cell’, its working, types, application and research in India and other parts of world.
Friday, November 7, 2008
Speech delivered by Larry Ellison (CEO of ORACLE)
Speech delivered by Larry Ellison (CEO of ORACLE)
Caution : This article is very very Inspiring be careful while you read it, and please dont blame me if you get over excited.
Its really great that we are Engineers and we have given our 4 important years to be here, but life is the best teacher,and this article will tell you that people with great Dreams dont just Dream but they MAKE THINGS HAPPEN.
Your Dreams are NOT those which you see during sleep, but those which DO NOT LET YOU SLEEP.
What follows is a transcript of the speech delivered by Larry Ellison, CEO of ORACLE (2nd Richest Man on the Planet) at the Yale University to the graduating class of 2000.
"Graduates of Yale University, I apologize if you have endured this type of prologue before, but I want you to do something for me. Please, take a good look around you. Look at the classmate on your left. Look at the classmate on your right. Now, consider this: five years from now, 10 years from now, even 30 thirty years from now, odds are the person on your left is going to be a loser.
The person on your right, meanwhile, will also be a loser. And you, in the middle? What can you expect? Loser. Loserhood. Loser Cum Laude. "
"In fact, as I look out before me today, I don't see a thousand hopes for a bright tomorrow. I don't see a thousand future leaders in a thousand industries. I see a thousand losers. "You're upset. That's understandable. After all, how can I, Lawrence 'Larry' Ellison, college dropout, have the audacity to spout such heresy to the graduating class of one of the nation's most prestigious institutions? I'll tell you why. Because I, Lawrence "Larry" Ellison, second richest man on the
planet, am a college dropout, and you are not. "
"Because Bill Gates, richest man on the planet -- for now, anyway -- is a college dropout, and you are not. "Because Paul Allen, the third richest man on the planet, dropped out of college, and you did not. "And for good measure, because Michael Dell, No. 9 on the list and moving up fast, is a college dropout, and you, yet again, are not. "Hmm... you're very upset. That's understandable. So let me stroke your egos for a moment by pointing out, quite sincerely, that your diplomas were not
attained in vain. Most of you, I imagine, have spent four to five years here, and in many ways what you've learned and endured will serve you well in the years ahead. You've established good work habits. You've established a network of people that will help you down the road. And you've established what will be lifelong relationships with the word 'therapy.' All that of is good. For in truth, you will need that network. You will need those strong work habits. You will need that therapy. "
"You will need them because you didn't drop out, and so you will never be among the richest people in the world. Oh sure, you may, perhaps, work your way up to No. 10 or No. 11, like Steve Ballmer. But then, I don't have to tell you who he really works for, do I? And for the record, he dropped out of grad school. Bit of a late bloomer. "
"Finally, I realize that many of you, and hopefully by now most of you, are wondering, 'Is there anything I can do? Is there any hope for me at all?' Actually, no. It's too late. You've absorbed too much, think you know too much. You're not 19 anymore. You have a built-in cap, and I'm not referring to the mortar boards on your heads. "Hmm... you're really very upset. That's understandable. So perhaps this would be a good time to bring up the silver lining. Not for you, Class of '00. You are a write-off, so I'll let youslink off to your pathetic $200,000-a-year jobs, where your checks will be signed by former classmates who dropped out two years ago. "
"Instead, I want to give hope to any underclassmen here today. I say to you, and I can't stress this enough: leave. Pack your things and your ideas and don't come back. Drop out. Start up. "For I can tell you that a cap and gown will keep you down just as surely as these security guards dragging me off this stage are keeping me down..."
Cheers.
Electronic Stability Program
Electronic Stability Program
ABSTRACT
Stability control can be defined as the real time method of controlling the lateral trajectory of a vehicle to arrest the growth of skid. Different stability control methods used in today’s fine automobiles helps to reduce accidents. This system assists the driver by correcting oversteer and understeer conditions in panic reactions. Stability control can be achieved effectively, by means of two methods. First is Antilock Braking System(ABS) which prevents wheel lockup & subsequent skidding by controlling brake fluid pressure at individual wheels. The ABS controller pulses the brakes to the wheels which is about to stop rotating at about 15 times a second.
Second is Traction Control System which reduces wheel spin during acceleration by lowering engine torque, which is achieved by retarding ignition timing, throttle control, fuel cut-off. Different sensors are used to measure different parameters of a vehicle such as steering angle, yaw rate, wheel speed and lateral acceleration. This information is conveyed to Electronic Control Unit which detects events such as skidding and sends signals to actuators. There are two types of traction control system those that control engine torque and those that control both engine torque and brakes.
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine (GDI)
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine (GDI)
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
The Gasoline Direct Injection Engine (GDI) is also known as the Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine (DISC). Until recently, direct injection technology had been applicable only to the quality governed diesel engines. However, Gasoline Direct Injection utilizes the Direct Injection Technology for Gasoline i.e., Petrol engines.
This technology is so named because the fuel, petrol, is directly sprayed into the combustion chamber after the compression stroke instead of being sprayed through the inlet valve during the inlet stroke.
This paper explains he concept and the working of this technology.
It also explains the advantages of Gasoline Direct Injection over Multi Port Fuel Injection (MPFI). Also explained are the solutions that can be used to optimize the Gasoline Direct Injection engine in order to counter its limitations.
Thursday, November 6, 2008
Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
Hydrogen Fueled Rotary Engine
ABSTRACT
We all are aware that in near future the world will suffer from the shortage of conventional fuels like coal, petroleum and its products. Pollution from these conventional fuels is causing the global warming, ozone depletion this makes it essential to search the renewable, pollution free alternative fuel. Hydrogen seems to be most promising alternative fuel. Also it can be produced in any country from a variety of energy sources.
Day by day the need of power of human being increasing enormously, especially for the need of transportation, the automotive industries is mainly related to this problem. To solve this problem many modifications have been done in engines which satisfy the need of power. But now a days every where compactness becoming more important factor, so there should be such a engine who satisfy the need of power and should be compact in size.
Solution to these problems is to use the Hydrogen fueled rotary engine. The Rotary Engine is also known as Wankel Engine.
ABSTRACT
We all are aware that in near future the world will suffer from the shortage of conventional fuels like coal, petroleum and its products. Pollution from these conventional fuels is causing the global warming, ozone depletion this makes it essential to search the renewable, pollution free alternative fuel. Hydrogen seems to be most promising alternative fuel. Also it can be produced in any country from a variety of energy sources.
Day by day the need of power of human being increasing enormously, especially for the need of transportation, the automotive industries is mainly related to this problem. To solve this problem many modifications have been done in engines which satisfy the need of power. But now a days every where compactness becoming more important factor, so there should be such a engine who satisfy the need of power and should be compact in size.
Solution to these problems is to use the Hydrogen fueled rotary engine. The Rotary Engine is also known as Wankel Engine.
WAVE ENERGY
WAVE ENERGY
Introduction
A well-known beach in Kerala is at Kovalam. Not much is, however, known of the fishing village at Vizhinjam, which is about a kilometer away. This fishing harbor is the site of a unique demonstrations plant that converts wave energy into electrical energy that can be exported via the local electricity grid. The plant works on what is known as the OWC principle. Energy is extracted from the system and used to generate electricity by allowing the trapped air to flow via a turbine. The wave power plant at Vizhinjam (Figure 1) has demonstrated that this is possible. The technology of converting wave energy into electrical energy thus exists. In order to appreciate the tremendous progress that has been achieved over the past decade, it would be appropriate to start from the beginning.
Principle
A considerable amount of energy is present in the ocean waves pounding against a breakwater. However, it is not from the breaking waves that the energy can best be extracted. The force of the wind blowing over the ocean’s surface generates waves. The regular breakers seen on most beaches originate at sea and can come from a variety of storms. The water’s surface acts like a great conveyor belt, delivering power from great distances. Waves vary in several ways. They vary from location to location and also from season to season. Where the winds are steady the waves persist for long periods of time. Waves at deep sea can have a shape that is close to a sinusoidal wave. As a first approximation, the most important characteristics of wave are its height H, its period T, and its wavelength L (Figure 2, [Chakrabarti 1987]). The wave height is the vertical distance between a wave crest and an adjacent trough; the wave period is the time it takes to successive crests to pass a fixed point; and the wavelength is the horizontal distance between two crests. The wave shape propagates unchanged in a regular manner with a phase speed c; however, the water particles do not propagate horizontally within wave shape, instead, they move in a circular motion. At the surface, the circular motion has a diameter equal to wave height, but this decreases away from the free surface as shown in Figure 3. An object floating on the ocean’s surface will not be transported very much by the waves. Rather, it will bob up and down and drift back and forth as the waves pass by. Transportation of water from one location to another is primarily due to ocean currents not ocean waves. It is the power of the circular motion that the wave energy device must convert to useful energy.
Introduction
A well-known beach in Kerala is at Kovalam. Not much is, however, known of the fishing village at Vizhinjam, which is about a kilometer away. This fishing harbor is the site of a unique demonstrations plant that converts wave energy into electrical energy that can be exported via the local electricity grid. The plant works on what is known as the OWC principle. Energy is extracted from the system and used to generate electricity by allowing the trapped air to flow via a turbine. The wave power plant at Vizhinjam (Figure 1) has demonstrated that this is possible. The technology of converting wave energy into electrical energy thus exists. In order to appreciate the tremendous progress that has been achieved over the past decade, it would be appropriate to start from the beginning.
Principle
A considerable amount of energy is present in the ocean waves pounding against a breakwater. However, it is not from the breaking waves that the energy can best be extracted. The force of the wind blowing over the ocean’s surface generates waves. The regular breakers seen on most beaches originate at sea and can come from a variety of storms. The water’s surface acts like a great conveyor belt, delivering power from great distances. Waves vary in several ways. They vary from location to location and also from season to season. Where the winds are steady the waves persist for long periods of time. Waves at deep sea can have a shape that is close to a sinusoidal wave. As a first approximation, the most important characteristics of wave are its height H, its period T, and its wavelength L (Figure 2, [Chakrabarti 1987]). The wave height is the vertical distance between a wave crest and an adjacent trough; the wave period is the time it takes to successive crests to pass a fixed point; and the wavelength is the horizontal distance between two crests. The wave shape propagates unchanged in a regular manner with a phase speed c; however, the water particles do not propagate horizontally within wave shape, instead, they move in a circular motion. At the surface, the circular motion has a diameter equal to wave height, but this decreases away from the free surface as shown in Figure 3. An object floating on the ocean’s surface will not be transported very much by the waves. Rather, it will bob up and down and drift back and forth as the waves pass by. Transportation of water from one location to another is primarily due to ocean currents not ocean waves. It is the power of the circular motion that the wave energy device must convert to useful energy.
DISPLACEMENT ON DEMAND
DISPLACEMENT ON DEMAND
ABSTRACT
In this era of high fuel prices, the need for more fuel efficient trucks and large suv’s is becoming more prevalent to handle heavy loads. But to carry heavy load’s it requires large power train i.e. more power which means more fuel and less fuel economy. Thus we can say that the downside of these big power trains is that “one goal (i.e. fuel efficiency) must be sacrificed for the other (i.e. power).
For that most of the automobile manufacturers and suppliers have made improved fuel efficiency an important goal. Cylinder deactivation is a new technology with test results proving the ability to maximize this key objective. Deactivating cylinders can significantly reduce engine pumping losses under certain vehicle operating conditions. Which satisfy the need of customer in fuel economy and power.
Cylinder deactivation or displacement on demand technology deactivates engine cylinders during low-load conditions for improved fuel economy. For example, the engine controller directs the engine to generate power from only half of the cylinders when idling in traffic. When in the cylinder deactivation mode, fuel and spark is not delivered to half of the cylinders, ensuring improved fuel economy.
The concept behind new DISPLACEMENT ON DEMAND technology is simple: more power, less gas!
ABSTRACT
In this era of high fuel prices, the need for more fuel efficient trucks and large suv’s is becoming more prevalent to handle heavy loads. But to carry heavy load’s it requires large power train i.e. more power which means more fuel and less fuel economy. Thus we can say that the downside of these big power trains is that “one goal (i.e. fuel efficiency) must be sacrificed for the other (i.e. power).
For that most of the automobile manufacturers and suppliers have made improved fuel efficiency an important goal. Cylinder deactivation is a new technology with test results proving the ability to maximize this key objective. Deactivating cylinders can significantly reduce engine pumping losses under certain vehicle operating conditions. Which satisfy the need of customer in fuel economy and power.
Cylinder deactivation or displacement on demand technology deactivates engine cylinders during low-load conditions for improved fuel economy. For example, the engine controller directs the engine to generate power from only half of the cylinders when idling in traffic. When in the cylinder deactivation mode, fuel and spark is not delivered to half of the cylinders, ensuring improved fuel economy.
The concept behind new DISPLACEMENT ON DEMAND technology is simple: more power, less gas!
Wednesday, November 5, 2008
ALCOHOL- AN ALTERNATE FUEL FOR I.C. ENGINE
ALCOHOL- AN ALTERNATE FUEL FOR I.C. ENGINE
ABSTRACT
It has well been realized that the conventional fossil fuels used in internal combustion engine are exhaustible. The present concern about the growing shortage of conventional petroleum based fuels and the serious problems of environmental pollution from such engine have necessitated the search for alternative fuels for I.C. engine.
Alcohol (Methanol & Ethanol) offer the most promising substitute for petroleum as engine fuels at present. They are ideal as spark ignition engine fuels with their high flame speeds and low exhaust emission. As compression ignition engine fuels they have more significant handicaps.
It is hoped that methanol can become a practical alternative fuels for I.C. engine, since it claims superiority in regard to thermal efficiency over gasoline. Further it is found that it reduces considerably the harmful emission of hydrocarbon & oxides of nitrogen their by minimizing the environmental pollution.
ABSTRACT
It has well been realized that the conventional fossil fuels used in internal combustion engine are exhaustible. The present concern about the growing shortage of conventional petroleum based fuels and the serious problems of environmental pollution from such engine have necessitated the search for alternative fuels for I.C. engine.
Alcohol (Methanol & Ethanol) offer the most promising substitute for petroleum as engine fuels at present. They are ideal as spark ignition engine fuels with their high flame speeds and low exhaust emission. As compression ignition engine fuels they have more significant handicaps.
It is hoped that methanol can become a practical alternative fuels for I.C. engine, since it claims superiority in regard to thermal efficiency over gasoline. Further it is found that it reduces considerably the harmful emission of hydrocarbon & oxides of nitrogen their by minimizing the environmental pollution.
Biodiesel: Alternative Energy
Biodiesel: Alternative Energy
Abstract
The present paper will outline the main aspect of biodiesel as a part of alternative energy & can be used as a future fuel. Biodiesel is clean burning alternative fuel produced from vegetable oil. Biodiesel is one of several alternative fuels that can have a place in development of energy policy. It contains no petroleum but it can be blended with petroleum diesel at any level to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression ignition engine with no major modifications. Pure biodiesel is biodegradable, non-toxic & essentially free of sulphur & aromatic compounds thus it is helpful to prevent the global warming so becomes eco-friendly. It is used to generate the electricity in low cost.
Abstract
The present paper will outline the main aspect of biodiesel as a part of alternative energy & can be used as a future fuel. Biodiesel is clean burning alternative fuel produced from vegetable oil. Biodiesel is one of several alternative fuels that can have a place in development of energy policy. It contains no petroleum but it can be blended with petroleum diesel at any level to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression ignition engine with no major modifications. Pure biodiesel is biodegradable, non-toxic & essentially free of sulphur & aromatic compounds thus it is helpful to prevent the global warming so becomes eco-friendly. It is used to generate the electricity in low cost.
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
DISASTER MANAGEMENT : A NEED FOR FUTURE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT : A NEED FOR FUTURE
Abstract
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53
UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26, 2004. The earthquake generated a tsunami that
was among the deadliest disasters in modern history. At a magnitude of 9.0, it was the largest
earthquake since the 9.2 magnitude Good Friday Earthquake off Alaska in 1964, and tied for
fourth largest since 1900.
The earthquake originated in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island, off the western
coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.The resulting tsunami devastated the shores of
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India, Thailand and other countries with waves up to 15m (50
feet) high.
It caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the furthest
recorded. Death due to the tsunami occuring at Port Elizabeth in South Africa, 8 000km
(5 000 miles) away from the epicentre.
Anywhere from 228,000 to 310,000 people are thought to have died as a result of the tsunami
and the count is not yet complete. The tsunami and the resultant floods varies widely due to
confusion and conflicting reports, but could total to over 235,000 people with tens of
thousands reported missing, and over a million left homeless.
DART Project is an effort by the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to develop a capability for real-time reporting of
tsunami measurements in the deep ocean. The systems utilize bottom pressure recorders
(BPRs) capable of detecting and measuring tsunamis with amplitude as small as 1 cm in
6000 m of water. The data are transmitted by acoustic modem to a surface buoy, which then
relays the information to a ground station via satellite telecommunications.
A planned network of six buoys in the north Pacific and equatorial region focuses on the
hazard to U.S. coastal communities. Once this technology matures, consideration should be
given to a coordinated international effort to establish additional stations of direct benefit to
other Pacific Rim countries for effective disaster management programme.
Abstract
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53
UTC (07:58:53 local time) on December 26, 2004. The earthquake generated a tsunami that
was among the deadliest disasters in modern history. At a magnitude of 9.0, it was the largest
earthquake since the 9.2 magnitude Good Friday Earthquake off Alaska in 1964, and tied for
fourth largest since 1900.
The earthquake originated in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island, off the western
coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia.The resulting tsunami devastated the shores of
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India, Thailand and other countries with waves up to 15m (50
feet) high.
It caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the furthest
recorded. Death due to the tsunami occuring at Port Elizabeth in South Africa, 8 000km
(5 000 miles) away from the epicentre.
Anywhere from 228,000 to 310,000 people are thought to have died as a result of the tsunami
and the count is not yet complete. The tsunami and the resultant floods varies widely due to
confusion and conflicting reports, but could total to over 235,000 people with tens of
thousands reported missing, and over a million left homeless.
DART Project is an effort by the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to develop a capability for real-time reporting of
tsunami measurements in the deep ocean. The systems utilize bottom pressure recorders
(BPRs) capable of detecting and measuring tsunamis with amplitude as small as 1 cm in
6000 m of water. The data are transmitted by acoustic modem to a surface buoy, which then
relays the information to a ground station via satellite telecommunications.
A planned network of six buoys in the north Pacific and equatorial region focuses on the
hazard to U.S. coastal communities. Once this technology matures, consideration should be
given to a coordinated international effort to establish additional stations of direct benefit to
other Pacific Rim countries for effective disaster management programme.
ROLE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEER IN NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
ROLE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEER IN NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Disaster is a sudden tragedy that brings about heavy losses to life and property.
Earthquake, floods, tropical storms, landslides, droughts and snow avalanches
are common forms of natural disasters. Suffering due to disasters touch all aspects of
our lives individually and socially. Disasters destroy decades of human efforts and
investments.
Although humanity is armed with new technologies to forecast the natural disaster,
we cannot stop them from taking place. However an effective disaster management
can mitigate the effects of natural disasters on our society.
During disasters huge losses occurs to human life, damages to property and environment
takes place. For example:
1) Recently, the tsunami havoc that has taken place in south-east Asia has killed
more than 10,000 people only in India and also has destroyed eastern coastal area.
Roads have been affected badly and due to this people can’t get help in time.
2) The super cyclone, which hit Orissa State during 1999, affected more than
50% of the 35 million population.
The cyclone winds ripped through several districts at a speed of about 260 km/hr,
which killed more than 15,000 and left millions homeless.
INTRODUCTION
Disaster is a sudden tragedy that brings about heavy losses to life and property.
Earthquake, floods, tropical storms, landslides, droughts and snow avalanches
are common forms of natural disasters. Suffering due to disasters touch all aspects of
our lives individually and socially. Disasters destroy decades of human efforts and
investments.
Although humanity is armed with new technologies to forecast the natural disaster,
we cannot stop them from taking place. However an effective disaster management
can mitigate the effects of natural disasters on our society.
During disasters huge losses occurs to human life, damages to property and environment
takes place. For example:
1) Recently, the tsunami havoc that has taken place in south-east Asia has killed
more than 10,000 people only in India and also has destroyed eastern coastal area.
Roads have been affected badly and due to this people can’t get help in time.
2) The super cyclone, which hit Orissa State during 1999, affected more than
50% of the 35 million population.
The cyclone winds ripped through several districts at a speed of about 260 km/hr,
which killed more than 15,000 and left millions homeless.
Ground Improvement Techniques
Ground Improvement Techniques
INTRODUCTION
India has seen increasing growth in infrastructure development in last
decade. The presence of large deposits of weak soil of varying type has necessities the
development & application of various ground improvement techniques which are as
follows.
VIBRO COMPACTION
Vibro-compaction is a deep compaction ground treatment technique for
densifying granular soils in-situ by means of a vibrating probe, or "vibroflot". Shown
below, the vibroflot is a long, slender, hollow tube of cylindrical shape, consisting of two
parts. The lower part, termed the vibrator, is connected by means of a special elastic
energy coupling to the upper follow tubes. The vibrator houses two components,
including a 150 Kw electric motor in the upper part, to drive an eccentric weight in the
lower compartment. Capable of 1,500 to 1,800 revolutions per minute, the vibrator
develops an unbalanced (centrifugal) force of 30 to 50 tonnes, creating vibrations in a
horizontal plane.
SUBSEALING, PERMEATION GROUTING, MECHANICAL JACKING,
CONTACT GROUTING, CHEMICAL GROUTING, UNDER PINNING,
RAPID IMPACT COMPACTION.
INTRODUCTION
India has seen increasing growth in infrastructure development in last
decade. The presence of large deposits of weak soil of varying type has necessities the
development & application of various ground improvement techniques which are as
follows.
VIBRO COMPACTION
Vibro-compaction is a deep compaction ground treatment technique for
densifying granular soils in-situ by means of a vibrating probe, or "vibroflot". Shown
below, the vibroflot is a long, slender, hollow tube of cylindrical shape, consisting of two
parts. The lower part, termed the vibrator, is connected by means of a special elastic
energy coupling to the upper follow tubes. The vibrator houses two components,
including a 150 Kw electric motor in the upper part, to drive an eccentric weight in the
lower compartment. Capable of 1,500 to 1,800 revolutions per minute, the vibrator
develops an unbalanced (centrifugal) force of 30 to 50 tonnes, creating vibrations in a
horizontal plane.
SUBSEALING, PERMEATION GROUTING, MECHANICAL JACKING,
CONTACT GROUTING, CHEMICAL GROUTING, UNDER PINNING,
RAPID IMPACT COMPACTION.
Behaviour of Structure During Earthquake
Behaviour of Structure During Earthquake
Abstract
Now a day’s every one knows the ‘Earthquake’ but every one
doesn’t know the how it happen? What is scientific definition? What
happen when earthquake takes place? Actual Behaviour of
Structure? The scientific definition of earthquake is “Movement of
surface level under the surface of earth due to the vibration are form &
these vibration are called as earthquake”. Earthquakes are caused
by passing of vibration setup in the rock due to the various reasons. It
can be develop under the water & the earthquake under the water is
called as ‘Tsunami’. Earthquakes are very dangerous because due to that
thousand of people buried under there own houses.
Abstract
Now a day’s every one knows the ‘Earthquake’ but every one
doesn’t know the how it happen? What is scientific definition? What
happen when earthquake takes place? Actual Behaviour of
Structure? The scientific definition of earthquake is “Movement of
surface level under the surface of earth due to the vibration are form &
these vibration are called as earthquake”. Earthquakes are caused
by passing of vibration setup in the rock due to the various reasons. It
can be develop under the water & the earthquake under the water is
called as ‘Tsunami’. Earthquakes are very dangerous because due to that
thousand of people buried under there own houses.
Monday, November 3, 2008
Application of neural networks to robotic arm control systems
Application of neural networks to robotic arm control systems
ABSTRACT
A robotic arm is a complicated beast. It encompasses controlling a substantially bulky, inherently unstable and difficult to control object placed in an unpredictable and complicated three-dimensional environment. Besides, the arm has more than two degrees of freedom making the mathematics extremely difficult to visualize and understand. The fact that a robotic arm is expected to perform fairly well in differing environments demands adjustability and flexibility from the controlling software. In such a case, the approach, which comes to the rescue, is the ‘neural network’ approach. This seminar aims at detailing the use of neural networks in the control of a robotic arm.
ABSTRACT
A robotic arm is a complicated beast. It encompasses controlling a substantially bulky, inherently unstable and difficult to control object placed in an unpredictable and complicated three-dimensional environment. Besides, the arm has more than two degrees of freedom making the mathematics extremely difficult to visualize and understand. The fact that a robotic arm is expected to perform fairly well in differing environments demands adjustability and flexibility from the controlling software. In such a case, the approach, which comes to the rescue, is the ‘neural network’ approach. This seminar aims at detailing the use of neural networks in the control of a robotic arm.
Rijndael Block Cipher Algorithm
Rijndael Block Cipher Algorithm
Abstarct
This seminar, Rijndael Block Cipher, covers the basic structure, implementation of the basic Cipher and the Inverse ciphers. It also tries to address the advantages and the disadvantages of the cipher/inverse cipher and the suitability of the hardware which can be used to implement the hardware on.
With pseudo algorithms and sample figures, the algorithm is tried to be made simple to understand, however the mathematical details like the Eucledian Algorithm is not covered as it is out of the scope of this seminar.
Introduction.
This standard specifies the Rijndael algorithm, a symmetric block cipher that can process data blocks of 128 bits, using cipher keys with lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits. Rijndael was designed to handle additional block sizes and key lengths, however they are not adopted in this standard.
Throughout the remainder of this standard, the algorithm specified herein will be referred to as “the AES algorithm.” The algorithm may be used with the three different key lengths indicated above, and therefore these different “flavors” may be referred to as “AES-128”, “AES-192”, and “AES-256”.
Abstarct
This seminar, Rijndael Block Cipher, covers the basic structure, implementation of the basic Cipher and the Inverse ciphers. It also tries to address the advantages and the disadvantages of the cipher/inverse cipher and the suitability of the hardware which can be used to implement the hardware on.
With pseudo algorithms and sample figures, the algorithm is tried to be made simple to understand, however the mathematical details like the Eucledian Algorithm is not covered as it is out of the scope of this seminar.
Introduction.
This standard specifies the Rijndael algorithm, a symmetric block cipher that can process data blocks of 128 bits, using cipher keys with lengths of 128, 192, and 256 bits. Rijndael was designed to handle additional block sizes and key lengths, however they are not adopted in this standard.
Throughout the remainder of this standard, the algorithm specified herein will be referred to as “the AES algorithm.” The algorithm may be used with the three different key lengths indicated above, and therefore these different “flavors” may be referred to as “AES-128”, “AES-192”, and “AES-256”.
Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
ABSTRACT
This seminar provides an overview of QNX RTOS (Real Time Operating System). The introductory section discusses the key benefits of QNX Architecture and describes how the QNX architecture can be utilized in the embedded products, real-time products. QNX is the first message-passing RTOS and has first commercial microkernel architecture.
The inherent reliability, scalable architecture, and small memory footprint of the QNX Neutrino RTOS make it the most trusted foundation for future-ready applications. QNX is HARD real-time, first integrated, self-hosted, graphical platform for embedded developers. Its design goal is to deliver the open systems POSIX API in a robust, scalable form suitable for a wide range of systems -- from tiny, resource-constrained systems to high-end distributed computing environments. Extended dynamically plugging in service providing processes
File system, networking, POSIX message queues, and device drivers. It’s a true microkernel providing full memory protection.
ABSTRACT
This seminar provides an overview of QNX RTOS (Real Time Operating System). The introductory section discusses the key benefits of QNX Architecture and describes how the QNX architecture can be utilized in the embedded products, real-time products. QNX is the first message-passing RTOS and has first commercial microkernel architecture.
The inherent reliability, scalable architecture, and small memory footprint of the QNX Neutrino RTOS make it the most trusted foundation for future-ready applications. QNX is HARD real-time, first integrated, self-hosted, graphical platform for embedded developers. Its design goal is to deliver the open systems POSIX API in a robust, scalable form suitable for a wide range of systems -- from tiny, resource-constrained systems to high-end distributed computing environments. Extended dynamically plugging in service providing processes
File system, networking, POSIX message queues, and device drivers. It’s a true microkernel providing full memory protection.
Sunday, November 2, 2008
Tech Fests 2009
Techfest 2009 - Asia's Largest Science and Technology Festival
Techfest, the Annual International Science and Technology Festival of IIT Bombay scheduled from 24th to 26th January.
To Know More go here http://www.techfest.org/
Techfest, the Annual International Science and Technology Festival of IIT Bombay scheduled from 24th to 26th January.
To Know More go here http://www.techfest.org/
Kshitij '09 Techno-Management fest of IIT Kharagpur
Kshitij is the annual techno-management fest of IIT Kharagpur. The fest aims to put students of all Engineering and Management Institutes under the common flag of free participation and free knowledge. During the fest, students get the break to intermingle and collaborate to conceive and execute ideas, plans and presentations. They are presented with an opportunity to use their skills and expertise in the fields of science, technology and management. Students share knowledge and information and also get a good amount of exposure to today's fast moving and competitive world.
Scheduled from the 29th of January to the 1st of February 2009
To Know More go here www.ktj.in/
Techkriti'09 IIT Kanpur
The central idea of Techkriti'09 is to come up with ideas that change the course of human history - "transforming thoughts" are indeed the holy grail of innovations. Techkriti is also about transforming thoughts into reality; practicality and feasibility have been the elixir of existence.Techkriti 2008 had it all - competitions that tingled your grey cells,talks by Nobel laureates and also an immense amount of fun and frolic. Techkriti 2009 sets out to go one step further; it promises to provide an even better platform for emerging talent to fulfill their dreams.
Scheduled from February 12 to 15, 2009
To Know More go here http://www.techkriti.org/
Profile Driven Data Management
Profile Driven Data Management
Abstract:
In today's dynamic and turbulent business environment, there is a strong need for the organizations to become globally competitive. The survival guide to competitiveness is to be closer to the customer and deliver value added product and services in the shortest possible time. This, in turn, demands integration of business processes of an enterprise. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is such a strategic tool, which helps the company to gain competitive edge by integrating all business processes and optimizing the resources available. This paper throws light on how ERP evolved, what makes up an ERP system and what it has to offer to the industries. The paper includes the role of various enabling technologies, which led to the development of such a huge system. Everyone knows at least the name, but doesn’t know where is it applied and why it’s related with the Computer Science and Engineering field. The report clears all the doubts about ERP, as well as gives the evolution of ERP and extra information about recent and future techniques that are being implemented in the industries. Also it may be helpful to the industrialist who is going to implement ERP in his industry by giving a brief idea about the hidden costs and downfalls of ERP. Related to our field, the report explains how this whole system is implemented by a software industry.
Abstract:
In today's dynamic and turbulent business environment, there is a strong need for the organizations to become globally competitive. The survival guide to competitiveness is to be closer to the customer and deliver value added product and services in the shortest possible time. This, in turn, demands integration of business processes of an enterprise. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is such a strategic tool, which helps the company to gain competitive edge by integrating all business processes and optimizing the resources available. This paper throws light on how ERP evolved, what makes up an ERP system and what it has to offer to the industries. The paper includes the role of various enabling technologies, which led to the development of such a huge system. Everyone knows at least the name, but doesn’t know where is it applied and why it’s related with the Computer Science and Engineering field. The report clears all the doubts about ERP, as well as gives the evolution of ERP and extra information about recent and future techniques that are being implemented in the industries. Also it may be helpful to the industrialist who is going to implement ERP in his industry by giving a brief idea about the hidden costs and downfalls of ERP. Related to our field, the report explains how this whole system is implemented by a software industry.
Peer-to-Peer Technology
Peer-to-Peer Technology
Abstract
Peer computing is the next stage in the evolution of the Internet and promises to be a versatile underpinning for an enormous variety of novel, entertaining, and useful applications. Peer-to-peer promises to create a computing world fundamentally different and, in some ways, better than the one based on the traditional client/server model. A peer-to-peer (P2P) network differs from conventional client/ server or multi tier server’s networks, in that participating peers in the network communicate directly with each other. This work is done typically without the reliance on centralized servers or resources. P2P computing is the natural result of decentralizing trends in software engineering intersecting with available technology. P2P architecture enables true distributed computing; creating networks of computing resources that can potentially exhibit very high availability and fault tolerance. In a nutshell this seminar focuses on the technology – specifically, the need for P2P, Key features, characteristics and different architecture for P2P applications and finally JXTA technology – a open network programming & computing platform that helps in development of new P2P applications.
Abstract
Peer computing is the next stage in the evolution of the Internet and promises to be a versatile underpinning for an enormous variety of novel, entertaining, and useful applications. Peer-to-peer promises to create a computing world fundamentally different and, in some ways, better than the one based on the traditional client/server model. A peer-to-peer (P2P) network differs from conventional client/ server or multi tier server’s networks, in that participating peers in the network communicate directly with each other. This work is done typically without the reliance on centralized servers or resources. P2P computing is the natural result of decentralizing trends in software engineering intersecting with available technology. P2P architecture enables true distributed computing; creating networks of computing resources that can potentially exhibit very high availability and fault tolerance. In a nutshell this seminar focuses on the technology – specifically, the need for P2P, Key features, characteristics and different architecture for P2P applications and finally JXTA technology – a open network programming & computing platform that helps in development of new P2P applications.
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS AND THEIR PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS AND THEIR PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to introduce to the various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and their application in solving combinatorial optimization problems. EAs like Ant Colony System, Genetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies and Evolutionary programming are presented. The use of parallel computing for EAs is also considered.
EAs are generally used to solve optimization problems that are NP-hard. For EAs to give efficient solutions high memory is required to store the large population of solution. Also a high computing power is required for quicker results. Indeed, the use of parallel computers (with dozens of processors) can speed up the execution of EAs and provide the large memory space they require. It is possible to take benefit of the intrinsic parallelism of EAs (e.g., for the concurrent exploration of the search space) in order to design efficient parallel implementations. However each EA has its own characteristics and therefore a general rule cannot be defined.
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to introduce to the various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) and their application in solving combinatorial optimization problems. EAs like Ant Colony System, Genetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies and Evolutionary programming are presented. The use of parallel computing for EAs is also considered.
EAs are generally used to solve optimization problems that are NP-hard. For EAs to give efficient solutions high memory is required to store the large population of solution. Also a high computing power is required for quicker results. Indeed, the use of parallel computers (with dozens of processors) can speed up the execution of EAs and provide the large memory space they require. It is possible to take benefit of the intrinsic parallelism of EAs (e.g., for the concurrent exploration of the search space) in order to design efficient parallel implementations. However each EA has its own characteristics and therefore a general rule cannot be defined.
Design And Implementation of On-the-fly Compression File System
Design And Implementation of On-the-fly Compression File System
ABSTRACT
Disk Space scarcity has been amongst the problems that have persisted for a long time in the computer field. Data compression techniques have long been assisting in making effective use of disk network and other utilities. Most compression utilities however require explicit user intervention for compressing and decompressing data. However, there are some systems in which compression and decompression is done transparent to the user. This seminar describes a generic file system for Linux Kernel with the feature of on-the-fly compression and decompression in a manner that is transparent to the user. Some experimental results are discussed, which compare such file system with ext2fs, the native file system for Linux.
ABSTRACT
Disk Space scarcity has been amongst the problems that have persisted for a long time in the computer field. Data compression techniques have long been assisting in making effective use of disk network and other utilities. Most compression utilities however require explicit user intervention for compressing and decompressing data. However, there are some systems in which compression and decompression is done transparent to the user. This seminar describes a generic file system for Linux Kernel with the feature of on-the-fly compression and decompression in a manner that is transparent to the user. Some experimental results are discussed, which compare such file system with ext2fs, the native file system for Linux.
OGG File Format Specification
OGG File Format Specification
Introduction
The report gives the a detailed high level description about the OGG Vorbis sound format and covers in detail each part of the file and the description about how each component is decoded by the decoder. It also covers how the upcoming sound format is a better substitute for the MP3 sound file format and the specific advantages and the disadvantages of the OGG file, covering the areas where the OGG leads MP3 and where it lags behind as compared to the MP3. Also some of the important algorithms in the decoding process are explained with the description of the inputs and the output data structures provided to the algorithm, along with pseudo codes and figures as required. The OGG relies on the Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation and Inverse MDCT for representing the audio in to the digital format so the equations for the MDCT and the I-MDCT is also shown. Supporting algorithms for the Huffman’s Binary tree encoding and the VQ/Entropy Encoding are not explained in this report and are just mentioned wherever necessary. The matter herein is as per the OGG Vorbis I specifications and is subject to constant changes according to the newer design of the encoders/decoders.
Introduction
The report gives the a detailed high level description about the OGG Vorbis sound format and covers in detail each part of the file and the description about how each component is decoded by the decoder. It also covers how the upcoming sound format is a better substitute for the MP3 sound file format and the specific advantages and the disadvantages of the OGG file, covering the areas where the OGG leads MP3 and where it lags behind as compared to the MP3. Also some of the important algorithms in the decoding process are explained with the description of the inputs and the output data structures provided to the algorithm, along with pseudo codes and figures as required. The OGG relies on the Modified Discrete Cosine Transformation and Inverse MDCT for representing the audio in to the digital format so the equations for the MDCT and the I-MDCT is also shown. Supporting algorithms for the Huffman’s Binary tree encoding and the VQ/Entropy Encoding are not explained in this report and are just mentioned wherever necessary. The matter herein is as per the OGG Vorbis I specifications and is subject to constant changes according to the newer design of the encoders/decoders.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Abstract
Albert Einstein first proved that each molecule measures about a nanometer (a billion of a meter) in diameter. And in 1959, it was Richard P. Feynman who predicted a technological world composed of self-replicating molecules whose purpose would be the production of nano-sized objects.
Almost a hundred years after Einstein's insight and 40 years after Feynman's initial proposition, the nanometer scale looms large on the research agenda. The semiconductor industry is edging closer to the world of Nanotechnology where components are miniaturized to the point of individual molecules and atoms.
Nanotechnology broadly refers to the manipulation of matter on the atomic and molecular scales. This technology enables creation of things one atom or molecule at a time. The possibilities with nanotechnology are enormous and are of great benefit to us.
This seminar report aims to discuss various concepts behind nanotechnology, implementation of nanotechnology in medical field and to other fields also.
Abstract
Albert Einstein first proved that each molecule measures about a nanometer (a billion of a meter) in diameter. And in 1959, it was Richard P. Feynman who predicted a technological world composed of self-replicating molecules whose purpose would be the production of nano-sized objects.
Almost a hundred years after Einstein's insight and 40 years after Feynman's initial proposition, the nanometer scale looms large on the research agenda. The semiconductor industry is edging closer to the world of Nanotechnology where components are miniaturized to the point of individual molecules and atoms.
Nanotechnology broadly refers to the manipulation of matter on the atomic and molecular scales. This technology enables creation of things one atom or molecule at a time. The possibilities with nanotechnology are enormous and are of great benefit to us.
This seminar report aims to discuss various concepts behind nanotechnology, implementation of nanotechnology in medical field and to other fields also.
Multimedia Messaging Service
Multimedia Messaging Service
Abstract
Over time, the nature and form of mobile communication is getting less textual and more visual. The wireless industry is moving from text messages to icons and picture messages to photographs and blueprints to video messages and movie previews being downloaded and on to full blown movie watching via data streaming on a mobile device. Mobile messaging is evolving beyond text by taking a development path from SMS (Short Message Service) to EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service) to MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service). The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is as its name suggests the ability to send and receive messages comprising a combination of text, sounds, images and video to MMS capable handsets. The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) confers the ability to send still images such as mobile postcards, mobile pictures, mobile screensavers, mobile greeting cards, mobile maps and business cards. Additionally, moving images, cartoons and interactive video will also be supported by Multimedia Messaging (MMS). New mobile network infrastructure is needed for Multimedia Messaging (MMS) in addition to implementing the new bearer services such as 3G, new network elements such as Multimedia Messaging Relays and Stores will be needed.
Abstract
Over time, the nature and form of mobile communication is getting less textual and more visual. The wireless industry is moving from text messages to icons and picture messages to photographs and blueprints to video messages and movie previews being downloaded and on to full blown movie watching via data streaming on a mobile device. Mobile messaging is evolving beyond text by taking a development path from SMS (Short Message Service) to EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service) to MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service). The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is as its name suggests the ability to send and receive messages comprising a combination of text, sounds, images and video to MMS capable handsets. The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) confers the ability to send still images such as mobile postcards, mobile pictures, mobile screensavers, mobile greeting cards, mobile maps and business cards. Additionally, moving images, cartoons and interactive video will also be supported by Multimedia Messaging (MMS). New mobile network infrastructure is needed for Multimedia Messaging (MMS) in addition to implementing the new bearer services such as 3G, new network elements such as Multimedia Messaging Relays and Stores will be needed.
MULTI-PLATFORM COMPUTING
MULTI-PLATFORM COMPUTING
ABSTRACT
In today’s World, many of us need the usage of more than one Operating Systems on our Personal Computers. This is especially because of the incompatibility of programs over different platforms. For instance, a Shell program of Linux cannot be ported on to Windows. But due to the growth in demand for all these different platforms, there has been a rise for the need of some softwares that can permit or provide porting of programs across different platforms. Some such softwares are already available and under active use by different computer-users. Depending upon the functionality and the cost, these softwares are judged and used by many programmers and users across the globe.
ABSTRACT
In today’s World, many of us need the usage of more than one Operating Systems on our Personal Computers. This is especially because of the incompatibility of programs over different platforms. For instance, a Shell program of Linux cannot be ported on to Windows. But due to the growth in demand for all these different platforms, there has been a rise for the need of some softwares that can permit or provide porting of programs across different platforms. Some such softwares are already available and under active use by different computer-users. Depending upon the functionality and the cost, these softwares are judged and used by many programmers and users across the globe.
MOBILE 3G
MOBILE 3G
ABSTRACT
Cellular mobile telecommunication and World Wide Web are rowing at the an exciting. In the year 1999 both GSM and the Internet reached more then 200 million registered users globally, Thus it may be excepted that users will be demand the combination of mobility and multimedia service in a foreseeable time frame. Multimedia content increase and different with the changing information will be required in feature.
To move forward the question is whether current cellular Data services are sufficient or whether the networks need to deliver greater capability. The fact is that with proper application configuration, use of middleware and new wireless optimized protocol today cellular data can offer tremendous productivity enhancement But for those potential users who have stood on the their objective. Theses new service will roll out both as the enhancements to existing 2G technologies. Our job here is describes this road to 3G (third generation) as well as to show you how these service allow new application never befit possible.
In this similar report I will go towards 3G by talking about the technologies that are currently in existence. 3G wireless networks and service promise subscribers new high speed networks access and global service. And we have a wireless data transfer with very high data rate. So 3G comes with a mobility as well as multimedia type application.
ABSTRACT
Cellular mobile telecommunication and World Wide Web are rowing at the an exciting. In the year 1999 both GSM and the Internet reached more then 200 million registered users globally, Thus it may be excepted that users will be demand the combination of mobility and multimedia service in a foreseeable time frame. Multimedia content increase and different with the changing information will be required in feature.
To move forward the question is whether current cellular Data services are sufficient or whether the networks need to deliver greater capability. The fact is that with proper application configuration, use of middleware and new wireless optimized protocol today cellular data can offer tremendous productivity enhancement But for those potential users who have stood on the their objective. Theses new service will roll out both as the enhancements to existing 2G technologies. Our job here is describes this road to 3G (third generation) as well as to show you how these service allow new application never befit possible.
In this similar report I will go towards 3G by talking about the technologies that are currently in existence. 3G wireless networks and service promise subscribers new high speed networks access and global service. And we have a wireless data transfer with very high data rate. So 3G comes with a mobility as well as multimedia type application.
Microsoft Data Access Components
Microsoft Data Access Components
Abstract
Today, developers building database solutions face many challenges as they seek to integrate the variety of data found across most enterprises. More than ever, integrated database solutions need to access data stored in both DBMS and non-DBMS information sources. DBMS sources used heavily in today's workplace include mainframe databases such as IMS and DB2, server databases such as Oracle and Microsoft® SQL Server™, and desktop databases such as Microsoft Access, Microsoft FoxPro®, and Paradox. Non-DBMS sources, on the other hand, could include information stored in file systems (on multiple platforms), indexed-sequential files, email, spreadsheets, project management tools, and any other type of data used regularly. Just the thought of having to interface with all of these data sources within a single database solution is overwhelming. If you've worked with any of these data sources in the past, you'll appreciate the challenge of becoming proficient with the tools and interface of even a single package. As data storage continues to evolve, you will be faced with new challenges from new data formats. What you really need is a simple yet universal data access strategy that is capable of interfacing with virtually any present or future data format. And this universal data access strategy is provided by Microsoft data Access Components generally known as MDAC.
Abstract
Today, developers building database solutions face many challenges as they seek to integrate the variety of data found across most enterprises. More than ever, integrated database solutions need to access data stored in both DBMS and non-DBMS information sources. DBMS sources used heavily in today's workplace include mainframe databases such as IMS and DB2, server databases such as Oracle and Microsoft® SQL Server™, and desktop databases such as Microsoft Access, Microsoft FoxPro®, and Paradox. Non-DBMS sources, on the other hand, could include information stored in file systems (on multiple platforms), indexed-sequential files, email, spreadsheets, project management tools, and any other type of data used regularly. Just the thought of having to interface with all of these data sources within a single database solution is overwhelming. If you've worked with any of these data sources in the past, you'll appreciate the challenge of becoming proficient with the tools and interface of even a single package. As data storage continues to evolve, you will be faced with new challenges from new data formats. What you really need is a simple yet universal data access strategy that is capable of interfacing with virtually any present or future data format. And this universal data access strategy is provided by Microsoft data Access Components generally known as MDAC.
Microsoft CryptoAPI 2.0
Microsoft CryptoAPI 2.0
Abstract
Everyone today is well understood the importance of security , encryption of data , authetication etc. For security of computerized data cryptography comes into picture and it has grown to a big field nowadays. Taking this into consideration OS implementers have developed API for serving the purpose of cryptograpgy as well as cryptography standards are also proposed. There are lot many algorithm and processes for cryptography process, these APIs allow developers to use its functions and allows to perform many cryptographic functions on there data hiding the underneath implementation details. OS platforms like Microsoft Windows and Linux provides the API for this purpose known as CryptoAPI. In the followind text we will be talking about Microsoft CryptoAPI 2.0. Reader should note that theme of the following text is not cryptography but is API provided for cryptography by Microsoft.
Abstract
Everyone today is well understood the importance of security , encryption of data , authetication etc. For security of computerized data cryptography comes into picture and it has grown to a big field nowadays. Taking this into consideration OS implementers have developed API for serving the purpose of cryptograpgy as well as cryptography standards are also proposed. There are lot many algorithm and processes for cryptography process, these APIs allow developers to use its functions and allows to perform many cryptographic functions on there data hiding the underneath implementation details. OS platforms like Microsoft Windows and Linux provides the API for this purpose known as CryptoAPI. In the followind text we will be talking about Microsoft CryptoAPI 2.0. Reader should note that theme of the following text is not cryptography but is API provided for cryptography by Microsoft.
Magnetic Random Access Memory
Magnetic Random Access Memory
Abstract
The development of MRAM has been based on a number of significant ideas over the past 20 years, starting with Cross-tie Random Access Memory and continuing with new configurations using first Anisotropic Magnetoresistance(AMR) materials and then using higher sensitivity Giant Magnetoresistanc(GMR) and Spin Dependent Tunneling (SDT) materials. A brief introduction on precursors to magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is followed by a description of an early MRAM, and then descriptions of cell configurations with improved signal levels including MRAM cells with GMR materials, Pseudo-Spin Valve (PSV) cells, and cells using SDT structures.
My seminar topic will discuss about principle of operation, reading & writing selection schemes, MRAM architecture, stability of MRAM, comparison between different RAM technologies. Also, discuss about it’s applications, conclusion and what’s the future holds.
Abstract
The development of MRAM has been based on a number of significant ideas over the past 20 years, starting with Cross-tie Random Access Memory and continuing with new configurations using first Anisotropic Magnetoresistance(AMR) materials and then using higher sensitivity Giant Magnetoresistanc(GMR) and Spin Dependent Tunneling (SDT) materials. A brief introduction on precursors to magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is followed by a description of an early MRAM, and then descriptions of cell configurations with improved signal levels including MRAM cells with GMR materials, Pseudo-Spin Valve (PSV) cells, and cells using SDT structures.
My seminar topic will discuss about principle of operation, reading & writing selection schemes, MRAM architecture, stability of MRAM, comparison between different RAM technologies. Also, discuss about it’s applications, conclusion and what’s the future holds.
LZW DATA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
LZW DATA COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
ABSTRACT
Any programmer working on mini or microcomputers in this day and age should have at least some exposure to the concept of data compression. In MS-DOS world, programs like ARC, by System Enhancement Associates, and PKZIP, by Pkware are ubiquitous. ARC has also been ported to quite a few other machines, running UNIX, CP/M, and so on. CP/M users have long had SQ and USQ to squeeze and expand programs. Unix users have the COMPRESS and COMPACT utilities. Yet the data compression techniques used in these programs typically only show up in two places: file transfers over phone lines, and archival storage.
Data compression has an undeserved reputation for being difficult to master, hard to implement, and tough to maintain. In fact, the techniques used in the previously mentioned programs are relatively simple, and can be implemented with standard utilities taking only a few lines of code. This report discusses a good all-purpose data compression technique: Lempel-Ziv-Welch, or LZW compression.
ABSTRACT
Any programmer working on mini or microcomputers in this day and age should have at least some exposure to the concept of data compression. In MS-DOS world, programs like ARC, by System Enhancement Associates, and PKZIP, by Pkware are ubiquitous. ARC has also been ported to quite a few other machines, running UNIX, CP/M, and so on. CP/M users have long had SQ and USQ to squeeze and expand programs. Unix users have the COMPRESS and COMPACT utilities. Yet the data compression techniques used in these programs typically only show up in two places: file transfers over phone lines, and archival storage.
Data compression has an undeserved reputation for being difficult to master, hard to implement, and tough to maintain. In fact, the techniques used in the previously mentioned programs are relatively simple, and can be implemented with standard utilities taking only a few lines of code. This report discusses a good all-purpose data compression technique: Lempel-Ziv-Welch, or LZW compression.
Kismet – The Humanoid Robot
Kismet – The Humanoid Robot
Abstract
Newly emerging robotics applications for domestic or entertainment purposes are slowly introducing autonomous robots into society at large. A critical capability of such robots is their ability to interact with humans, and in particular, untrained users. This seminar explores the hypothesis that people will intuitively interact with robots in a natural social manner provided the robot can perceive, interpret, and appropriately respond with familiar human social cues. One such attempt to build the humanoid robots is made by the MIT research people by introducing their own humanoid robot called as Kismet.
The seminar also reflects the framework of Kismet discussing how these constraints have been addressed, and demonstrate the robot’s ability to engage naive human subjects in a compelling and expressive manner. It explores the role of emotive responses in communicative behavior between robots and humans
Abstract
Newly emerging robotics applications for domestic or entertainment purposes are slowly introducing autonomous robots into society at large. A critical capability of such robots is their ability to interact with humans, and in particular, untrained users. This seminar explores the hypothesis that people will intuitively interact with robots in a natural social manner provided the robot can perceive, interpret, and appropriately respond with familiar human social cues. One such attempt to build the humanoid robots is made by the MIT research people by introducing their own humanoid robot called as Kismet.
The seminar also reflects the framework of Kismet discussing how these constraints have been addressed, and demonstrate the robot’s ability to engage naive human subjects in a compelling and expressive manner. It explores the role of emotive responses in communicative behavior between robots and humans
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