HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS FOR AIRCRAFTS
Abstract
The main aspect of designing an aircraft is to reduce its weight. Hydraulically operated systems are comparatively light in weight from the other systems used in aircraft. It can provide unlimited power for various operations, and high power producing capacity is the major advantage of hydraulic power systems.
The operations such as wing-flap control, landing-gear, braking systems requires very high safety and hydraulically operated systems ensures the safety.
Introduction
PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULICS:
Hydraulics is division of science of fluid mechanics which include the study of liquids and their physical characteristics, both at rest and in motion. The type of hydraulics applied to aircraft and other aerospace-vehicle system is called power hydraulics because it involves the application of power through the medium of hydraulics.
Among the use of hydraulic systems in aerospace vehicle systems are the operation of landing gear and gear doors, flight controls, cowl flaps, and wide variety of other devices requiring high power, quick action, and/or accurate control.
What is hydraulic system?
It is system where liquid under pressure is used to transmit this energy. Hydraulics takes engine power and converts it to hydraulic power by means of a hydraulic pump. This power can be distributed throughout the airplane by means of tubing that runs through the aircraft. Hydraulic power can be converted into mechanical power by means of an actuating cylinder, or turbine.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Thursday, March 31, 2011
HEAT SHIELD TILES FOR SPACE SHUTTLES
HEAT SHIELD TILES FOR SPACE SHUTTLES
INTRODUCTION
The very unfortunate accident of Columbia Space Shuttle not only tremendously shocked the whole world tremendously, but it also made the whole world aware of the new hazardous things, dangers & serious problems regarding the safety of space shuttles & hence, astronauts, in the space programs.
To achieve final glorious success in the space programs the proper study & use of different branches of science & technology are necessary. If any minute mistake even in microns is left undetected what situation can take place is narrated by Columbia itself.
After the very sad mishap of Columbia Space Shuttle the core of technical discussions regarding reasoning for the accident was about the positions of ‘HEAT SHIELD TILES’, which are also known as protective tiles that are generally situated at the bottom
of the shuttle. The main points that came forward during the study of accident by a comity were :-after the launching of the shuttle did some of the tiles had broken due to collapsing & collision of some of the unpredictably rescued parts & did these tiles fall down & if yes, where did they fall, etc. & still the research is going on. The main reason behind the issue of ‘HEAT SHIELD TILES’ being the core of the study of reasons for accident is their inevitable importance during the travel of shuttle towards earth.
Concerned about this some information from the point of view of physical science & engineering aspects is represented hereby.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The very unfortunate accident of Columbia Space Shuttle not only tremendously shocked the whole world tremendously, but it also made the whole world aware of the new hazardous things, dangers & serious problems regarding the safety of space shuttles & hence, astronauts, in the space programs.
To achieve final glorious success in the space programs the proper study & use of different branches of science & technology are necessary. If any minute mistake even in microns is left undetected what situation can take place is narrated by Columbia itself.
After the very sad mishap of Columbia Space Shuttle the core of technical discussions regarding reasoning for the accident was about the positions of ‘HEAT SHIELD TILES’, which are also known as protective tiles that are generally situated at the bottom
of the shuttle. The main points that came forward during the study of accident by a comity were :-after the launching of the shuttle did some of the tiles had broken due to collapsing & collision of some of the unpredictably rescued parts & did these tiles fall down & if yes, where did they fall, etc. & still the research is going on. The main reason behind the issue of ‘HEAT SHIELD TILES’ being the core of the study of reasons for accident is their inevitable importance during the travel of shuttle towards earth.
Concerned about this some information from the point of view of physical science & engineering aspects is represented hereby.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
GREEN MANUFACTURING
GREEN MANUFACTURING
ABSTRACT:
Green Manufacturing" refers to multidisciplinary approaches aimed at reducing the energy- and material-intensiveness of manufacturing processes. One of the most challenging goals ahead is the use of only renewable energy sources to meet energy demands. The Green demonstrates that, by applying a combination of different environmental technologies, energy requirements could be reduced by between 60-70 percent. Apart from the innovative handling of energy demands, the Green manufacturing applies many other environmental technologies. In the not-too-distant future, environmentally benign manufacturing will become one of industry’s greatest strategic challenges, not only from an engineering perspective, but from a business and marketing perspective as well. The purpose of this study is to gather information on research and development around the world aimed at developing alternative methods for materials processing with the purpose of minimizing toxic material generation and optimizing products and byproducts for sustainability and reuse characteristics.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT:
Green Manufacturing" refers to multidisciplinary approaches aimed at reducing the energy- and material-intensiveness of manufacturing processes. One of the most challenging goals ahead is the use of only renewable energy sources to meet energy demands. The Green demonstrates that, by applying a combination of different environmental technologies, energy requirements could be reduced by between 60-70 percent. Apart from the innovative handling of energy demands, the Green manufacturing applies many other environmental technologies. In the not-too-distant future, environmentally benign manufacturing will become one of industry’s greatest strategic challenges, not only from an engineering perspective, but from a business and marketing perspective as well. The purpose of this study is to gather information on research and development around the world aimed at developing alternative methods for materials processing with the purpose of minimizing toxic material generation and optimizing products and byproducts for sustainability and reuse characteristics.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION
GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION
ABSTRACT
The Gasoline Direct Injection Engine (GDI) is also known as the Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine (DISC). Until recently, direct injection technology had been applicable only to the quality governed diesel engines. However, Gasoline Direct Injection utilizes the Direct Injection Technology for Gasoline i.e., Petrol engines.
This technology is so named because the fuel, petrol, is directly sprayed into the combustion chamber after the compression stroke instead of being sprayed through the inlet valve during the inlet stroke.
This paper explains he concept and the working of this technology.
It also explains the advantages of Gasoline Direct Injection over Multi Port Fuel Injection (MPFI). Also explained are the solutions that can be used to optimize the Gasoline Direct Injection engine in order to counter its limitations.
INTRODUCTION
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology has received considerable attention over the last few years as a way to significantly improve fuel efficiency without making a major shift away from conventional internal combustion technology. In many respects, GDI technology represents a further step in the natural evolution of gasoline engine fueling systems. Each step of this evolution, from mechanically based carburetion, to throttle body fuel injection, through multi-point and finally sequential multi-point fuel injection, has taken advantage of improvements in fuel injector and electronic control technology to achieve incremental gains in the control of internal combustion engines. Further advancements in these technologies, as well as continuing evolutionary advancements in combustion chamber and intake valve design and combustion chamber flow dynamics, have permitted the production of GDI engines for automotive applications. Mitsubishi, Toyota and Nissan all market four stroke GDI engines in Japan.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
The Gasoline Direct Injection Engine (GDI) is also known as the Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine (DISC). Until recently, direct injection technology had been applicable only to the quality governed diesel engines. However, Gasoline Direct Injection utilizes the Direct Injection Technology for Gasoline i.e., Petrol engines.
This technology is so named because the fuel, petrol, is directly sprayed into the combustion chamber after the compression stroke instead of being sprayed through the inlet valve during the inlet stroke.
This paper explains he concept and the working of this technology.
It also explains the advantages of Gasoline Direct Injection over Multi Port Fuel Injection (MPFI). Also explained are the solutions that can be used to optimize the Gasoline Direct Injection engine in order to counter its limitations.
INTRODUCTION
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology has received considerable attention over the last few years as a way to significantly improve fuel efficiency without making a major shift away from conventional internal combustion technology. In many respects, GDI technology represents a further step in the natural evolution of gasoline engine fueling systems. Each step of this evolution, from mechanically based carburetion, to throttle body fuel injection, through multi-point and finally sequential multi-point fuel injection, has taken advantage of improvements in fuel injector and electronic control technology to achieve incremental gains in the control of internal combustion engines. Further advancements in these technologies, as well as continuing evolutionary advancements in combustion chamber and intake valve design and combustion chamber flow dynamics, have permitted the production of GDI engines for automotive applications. Mitsubishi, Toyota and Nissan all market four stroke GDI engines in Japan.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Future Of Diesels
Future Of Diesels
Abstract:
With the petroleum resources expected to be exhausting by year 2040, it is high time for vehicle manufacturers over the world to come out with some new and promising technology and alternative fuels. Here, biodiesel comes to our rescue. Although it is made from vegetable oil, biodiesel is so much like petroleum diesel fuel that it functions like petroleum diesel and can be blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. Since biodiesel has relatively low emissions, it is an ideal fuel for use in sensitive environments and areas such as: marine areas, national parks and forests, and heavily polluted cities. State fleet vehicles and mining vehicles can also use biodiesel in their existing diesel engines. "The Veggie Van" fueled with used vegetable oil from fast food restaurants took America by storm, logging over 25,000 miles on biodiesel fuel and appearing on the Today Show, Dateline, and CNN during the summers of 1997 and 1998.
According to Dr. Kerr Walker, Senior Oilseeds Specialist at the Scottish Agricultural College, "biodiesel offers the... only opportunity for producing a renewable ecological transport fuel". Biodiesel can be made from any vegetable oil, including Soya, sunflower, canola, and even used cooking oil from fast food restaurants. Not only automobiles but also plane, “The Veggie Plane” runs on biodiesel. Thus, efficient, cheaper, environment friendly vehicles like the veggie van’s, veggie buses, veggie planes, etc. will truly be the vehicles of the 21st century.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Abstract:
With the petroleum resources expected to be exhausting by year 2040, it is high time for vehicle manufacturers over the world to come out with some new and promising technology and alternative fuels. Here, biodiesel comes to our rescue. Although it is made from vegetable oil, biodiesel is so much like petroleum diesel fuel that it functions like petroleum diesel and can be blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. Since biodiesel has relatively low emissions, it is an ideal fuel for use in sensitive environments and areas such as: marine areas, national parks and forests, and heavily polluted cities. State fleet vehicles and mining vehicles can also use biodiesel in their existing diesel engines. "The Veggie Van" fueled with used vegetable oil from fast food restaurants took America by storm, logging over 25,000 miles on biodiesel fuel and appearing on the Today Show, Dateline, and CNN during the summers of 1997 and 1998.
According to Dr. Kerr Walker, Senior Oilseeds Specialist at the Scottish Agricultural College, "biodiesel offers the... only opportunity for producing a renewable ecological transport fuel". Biodiesel can be made from any vegetable oil, including Soya, sunflower, canola, and even used cooking oil from fast food restaurants. Not only automobiles but also plane, “The Veggie Plane” runs on biodiesel. Thus, efficient, cheaper, environment friendly vehicles like the veggie van’s, veggie buses, veggie planes, etc. will truly be the vehicles of the 21st century.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
FUTURE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
FUTURE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
Abstract
Driven by the need for more responsive manufacturing processes and as a consequence of increasing complexity in products and production systems, this short paper introduces a number of developments in the field of future manufacturing systems. The requirements on the future manufacturing systems can be characterized by three overall requirements: high productivity of the manufacturing process, high quality of the manufactured products (quality in a wide sense), and a considerable agility. There has been a lot of research in the world within this field. In Sweden research within manufacturing systems has been done at a couple of research institutions. Two of the leading institutions are KTH in Stockholm and LiTH in Linkýping.
A number of developments in the area of modular, distributed manufacturing systems are discussed. Requirements for the development of such systems are addressed and, in particular, the relevance to current and future integrated control systems is examined. One of the key issues for integrated control systems in the future is the need to provide support for distributed decision-making in addition to existing distributed control capabilities.
Presented in this article is a review of manufacturing techniques and introduction of reconfigurable manufacturing systems; a new paradigm in manufacturing which is designed for rapid adjustment of production capacity and functionality, in response to new market conditions. A definition of reconfigurable manufacturing systems is outlined and an overview of available manufacturing techniques, their key drivers and enablers, and their impacts, achievements and limitations is presented.
Introduction
An efficient and effective manufacturing system is a prerequisite in order to compete successfully on the manufacturing dimension of competition. To develop such a manufacturing system, the success factors must be known and a systems approach towards manufacturing must be adopted. The achievement of these success factors should be the common objective of all research efforts striving to develop future manufacturing systems. The direction of this development should bedriven by market requirements and simultaneously consider product and manufacturing development.
Changing manufacturing environment characterized by aggressive competition on a global scale and rapid changes in process technology requires to create production systems that are themselves easily upgradable and into which new technologies and new functions can be readily integrated. These conditions require a responsive new manufacturing approach that enables the launch of new product models to be undertaken very quickly, and rapid adjustment of the manufacturing system capacity to market demands; rapid integration of new functions and process technologies into existing systems, and easy adaptation to variable quantities of products for niche marketing. The manufacturing systems used for this new approach must be rapidly designed, able to convert quickly to the production of new models, able to adjust capacity quickly, and able to integrate technology and to produce an increased variety of products in unpredictable
Over the next decade there will be developments which may change the manufacturing scene to base production on smaller units with greater flexibility. This shift, as already evidenced by the focus on agile manufacturing, will have a deep impact on the design and operation of future manufacturing systems. Current organisations will be replaced by more innovative organic structures that may offer a very high operational and structural flexibility.
Modularity is typically introduced into a manufacturing operation to increase the flexibility of the operation both in terms of its range of functions and also its ability to be easily reconfigured in the face of changing conditions.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Abstract
Driven by the need for more responsive manufacturing processes and as a consequence of increasing complexity in products and production systems, this short paper introduces a number of developments in the field of future manufacturing systems. The requirements on the future manufacturing systems can be characterized by three overall requirements: high productivity of the manufacturing process, high quality of the manufactured products (quality in a wide sense), and a considerable agility. There has been a lot of research in the world within this field. In Sweden research within manufacturing systems has been done at a couple of research institutions. Two of the leading institutions are KTH in Stockholm and LiTH in Linkýping.
A number of developments in the area of modular, distributed manufacturing systems are discussed. Requirements for the development of such systems are addressed and, in particular, the relevance to current and future integrated control systems is examined. One of the key issues for integrated control systems in the future is the need to provide support for distributed decision-making in addition to existing distributed control capabilities.
Presented in this article is a review of manufacturing techniques and introduction of reconfigurable manufacturing systems; a new paradigm in manufacturing which is designed for rapid adjustment of production capacity and functionality, in response to new market conditions. A definition of reconfigurable manufacturing systems is outlined and an overview of available manufacturing techniques, their key drivers and enablers, and their impacts, achievements and limitations is presented.
Introduction
An efficient and effective manufacturing system is a prerequisite in order to compete successfully on the manufacturing dimension of competition. To develop such a manufacturing system, the success factors must be known and a systems approach towards manufacturing must be adopted. The achievement of these success factors should be the common objective of all research efforts striving to develop future manufacturing systems. The direction of this development should bedriven by market requirements and simultaneously consider product and manufacturing development.
Changing manufacturing environment characterized by aggressive competition on a global scale and rapid changes in process technology requires to create production systems that are themselves easily upgradable and into which new technologies and new functions can be readily integrated. These conditions require a responsive new manufacturing approach that enables the launch of new product models to be undertaken very quickly, and rapid adjustment of the manufacturing system capacity to market demands; rapid integration of new functions and process technologies into existing systems, and easy adaptation to variable quantities of products for niche marketing. The manufacturing systems used for this new approach must be rapidly designed, able to convert quickly to the production of new models, able to adjust capacity quickly, and able to integrate technology and to produce an increased variety of products in unpredictable
Over the next decade there will be developments which may change the manufacturing scene to base production on smaller units with greater flexibility. This shift, as already evidenced by the focus on agile manufacturing, will have a deep impact on the design and operation of future manufacturing systems. Current organisations will be replaced by more innovative organic structures that may offer a very high operational and structural flexibility.
Modularity is typically introduced into a manufacturing operation to increase the flexibility of the operation both in terms of its range of functions and also its ability to be easily reconfigured in the face of changing conditions.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Abstract
The automobile industry is becoming increasingly more global each year. Companies from all around the world are merging with other companies to compete in the global market.
It is no accident that the most fuel efficient vehicles in some classes for the 2004 model year are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs). Hybrids can be configured in many different ways to achieve a variety of different objectives. They combine the best features of the internal combustion engine with an electric motor and can significantly improve fuel economy without sacrificing performance or driving range. HEVs may also be configured to provide electrical power to auxiliary loads such as power tools
There are two types of hybrid vehicle, parallel and series. In the parallel hybrid, electricity is obtained from a small Diesel generator set with an optimized constant turning system and power which allows the vehicle to travel at low speed. Additional power needed for acceleration and start-off is provided by a set of batteries which are recharged while braking and when the vehicle is stationary.
There are two alternatives in the electric vehicle design stage, designers may adapt conventional vehicles (conversion design) or specifically design a new vehicle, optimizing the integration of electrical equipment from the outset (purpose design). In the latter case, lighter materials can be used which compensating for the extra weight of the batteries and thereby improving vehicle speed and range
These alternative motors have various advantages over the standard design in terms of weight, system efficiency, power to volume ratios and torque. Developments in battery technology will facilitate the wider introduction of new designs for battery driven electric vehicles
INTRODUCTION
Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. These include Giant mining trucks, Submarines, diesel-electric buses, locomotives etc.
The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just that a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, resulting in twice the fuel economy of conventional vehicles. This combination offers the extended range and rapid refueling that consumers expect from a conventional vehicle, with a significant portion of the energy and environmental benefits of an electric vehicle. The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. The inherent flexibility of HEVs will allow them to be used in a wide range of applications, from personal transportation to commercial hauling.
The flexibility in the design of hybrid vehicles comes from the ability of the control strategy to manage how much power is flowing to or from each component. There are many (often conflicting) objectives desirable for HEVs, the primary ones being:
• Maximize fuel economy
• Minimize emissions
• Minimize propulsion system cost to keep overall vehicle cost affordable to the consumer market
• Do all of the above while maintaining or improving upon acceptable performance (acceleration, range, handling, noise, etc.)
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Abstract
The automobile industry is becoming increasingly more global each year. Companies from all around the world are merging with other companies to compete in the global market.
It is no accident that the most fuel efficient vehicles in some classes for the 2004 model year are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs). Hybrids can be configured in many different ways to achieve a variety of different objectives. They combine the best features of the internal combustion engine with an electric motor and can significantly improve fuel economy without sacrificing performance or driving range. HEVs may also be configured to provide electrical power to auxiliary loads such as power tools
There are two types of hybrid vehicle, parallel and series. In the parallel hybrid, electricity is obtained from a small Diesel generator set with an optimized constant turning system and power which allows the vehicle to travel at low speed. Additional power needed for acceleration and start-off is provided by a set of batteries which are recharged while braking and when the vehicle is stationary.
There are two alternatives in the electric vehicle design stage, designers may adapt conventional vehicles (conversion design) or specifically design a new vehicle, optimizing the integration of electrical equipment from the outset (purpose design). In the latter case, lighter materials can be used which compensating for the extra weight of the batteries and thereby improving vehicle speed and range
These alternative motors have various advantages over the standard design in terms of weight, system efficiency, power to volume ratios and torque. Developments in battery technology will facilitate the wider introduction of new designs for battery driven electric vehicles
INTRODUCTION
Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. These include Giant mining trucks, Submarines, diesel-electric buses, locomotives etc.
The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just that a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, resulting in twice the fuel economy of conventional vehicles. This combination offers the extended range and rapid refueling that consumers expect from a conventional vehicle, with a significant portion of the energy and environmental benefits of an electric vehicle. The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles. The inherent flexibility of HEVs will allow them to be used in a wide range of applications, from personal transportation to commercial hauling.
The flexibility in the design of hybrid vehicles comes from the ability of the control strategy to manage how much power is flowing to or from each component. There are many (often conflicting) objectives desirable for HEVs, the primary ones being:
• Maximize fuel economy
• Minimize emissions
• Minimize propulsion system cost to keep overall vehicle cost affordable to the consumer market
• Do all of the above while maintaining or improving upon acceptable performance (acceleration, range, handling, noise, etc.)
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
FUEL CELL - An alternate energy
FUEL CELL - An alternate energy
ABSTRACT
The demand of fuel cell is ever increasing. In view of the depleting natural resources, it is essential that we explore alternative energy sources. The energy sources should be efficient, stable, clean and economical. Also the growth of the country directly depends on the energy resources. Therefore, every country is looking for alternatives for traditional energy sources, being used today. Recently in JAPAN some of the developed countries signed Kyoto protocol under which they agreed to cut the % of emission of harmful gases. Although the traditional energy sources cannot be completely replaced, fuel cells are the most promising option for petrol, diesel, coal etc. We can call the fuel cell the future face of energy.
A fuel cell works similar to a battery. A fuel cell can produce electricity as long as more fuel and oxidant is pumped through it there are numerous types of fuel cell that have been made, such as SOLID OXIDE (SOFC), DIRECT ALCOHOL (DAFC), POLYMER ELECTROLYTE (PEFC), PHOSPHORIC ACID (PACFC), MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC) & ALKALINE (AFC), The application of Fuel cell ranges from simple batteries, cars to electric generators.
DMFC & PEFC are the most probable for automotive sector which will out do present conventional gasoline engines & electric powered engines.
SOFC &MCFC are the most probable for medium range power plant, are more efficient than conventional small gas turbines.
In the near future with extended research work the benefits of both conventional &fuel cell can be utilized by fusing them.
The article introduces the concept of ‘fuel cell’, its working, types, application and research in India and other parts of world.
INTRODUCTION
If you want to be technical about it, a fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity. The other electrochemical device that we are all familiar with is the battery. A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it converts those chemicals into electricity too. This means that a battery eventually “goes dead” and you either throw it away or recharge it. With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead—as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell. Most fuel cells in use today use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals. The fuel cell will compete with many other types of energy conversion devices, including the gas turbine in your city’s power plant, the gasoline engine in your car and the battery in your laptop. Combustion engines like the turbine and the gasoline engine burn fuels and use the pressure created by the expansion of the gases to do mechanical work. Batteries converted chemical energy back into electrical energy when needed. Fuel cells should do both tasks more efficiently. A fuel cell provides a DC (direct current) voltage that can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances. There are several different types of fuel cells, each using a different chemistry. The type of electrolyte they use usually classifies fuel cells. Some types of fuel cells work well for use in stationary power generation plants. Others may be useful for small portable application.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
The demand of fuel cell is ever increasing. In view of the depleting natural resources, it is essential that we explore alternative energy sources. The energy sources should be efficient, stable, clean and economical. Also the growth of the country directly depends on the energy resources. Therefore, every country is looking for alternatives for traditional energy sources, being used today. Recently in JAPAN some of the developed countries signed Kyoto protocol under which they agreed to cut the % of emission of harmful gases. Although the traditional energy sources cannot be completely replaced, fuel cells are the most promising option for petrol, diesel, coal etc. We can call the fuel cell the future face of energy.
A fuel cell works similar to a battery. A fuel cell can produce electricity as long as more fuel and oxidant is pumped through it there are numerous types of fuel cell that have been made, such as SOLID OXIDE (SOFC), DIRECT ALCOHOL (DAFC), POLYMER ELECTROLYTE (PEFC), PHOSPHORIC ACID (PACFC), MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC) & ALKALINE (AFC), The application of Fuel cell ranges from simple batteries, cars to electric generators.
DMFC & PEFC are the most probable for automotive sector which will out do present conventional gasoline engines & electric powered engines.
SOFC &MCFC are the most probable for medium range power plant, are more efficient than conventional small gas turbines.
In the near future with extended research work the benefits of both conventional &fuel cell can be utilized by fusing them.
The article introduces the concept of ‘fuel cell’, its working, types, application and research in India and other parts of world.
INTRODUCTION
If you want to be technical about it, a fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device. A fuel cell converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water, and in the process it produces electricity. The other electrochemical device that we are all familiar with is the battery. A battery has all of its chemicals stored inside, and it converts those chemicals into electricity too. This means that a battery eventually “goes dead” and you either throw it away or recharge it. With a fuel cell, chemicals constantly flow into the cell so it never goes dead—as long as there is a flow of chemicals into the cell, the electricity flows out of the cell. Most fuel cells in use today use hydrogen and oxygen as the chemicals. The fuel cell will compete with many other types of energy conversion devices, including the gas turbine in your city’s power plant, the gasoline engine in your car and the battery in your laptop. Combustion engines like the turbine and the gasoline engine burn fuels and use the pressure created by the expansion of the gases to do mechanical work. Batteries converted chemical energy back into electrical energy when needed. Fuel cells should do both tasks more efficiently. A fuel cell provides a DC (direct current) voltage that can be used to power motors, lights or any number of electrical appliances. There are several different types of fuel cells, each using a different chemistry. The type of electrolyte they use usually classifies fuel cells. Some types of fuel cells work well for use in stationary power generation plants. Others may be useful for small portable application.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
FRICTION STIR WELDING
FRICTION STIR WELDING
INTRODUCTION
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel welding technique invented by The Welding Institute (TWI) FSW is actually a solid-state joining process that is a combination of extruding and forging is not a true welding process. Since the process occurs at a temperature below the melting point of the work piece material. The maximum temperature reached is of the order of 0.8 of the melting temperature.
One recent deployment of a special Friction-welding process, actually a solid state joining technique has been used particularly in aluminum alloys, although other materials are tested in the laboratory. This emerging technological development, first demonstrated as a laboratory curiosity, has enjoyed successful applications in aerospace productions, and has been recently adopted for actual production of aerospace hardware.
It is called FRICTION STIR WELDING. This new Friction-welding equipment rotates a specially designed non consumable friction tool and drives it first into the butt joint line of two plates fixtured together, and then along the seam. The tool presents some kind of a thread and, while moving lengthwise, effectively heats and removes material in plastic state from the leading side and deposits it at the trailing side completing the weld. Such a weld, being in a fine-grained hot worked condition, has considerable metallurgical advantages especially for aluminium alloys, like absence of porosity or oxides and very good mechanical properties.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel welding technique invented by The Welding Institute (TWI) FSW is actually a solid-state joining process that is a combination of extruding and forging is not a true welding process. Since the process occurs at a temperature below the melting point of the work piece material. The maximum temperature reached is of the order of 0.8 of the melting temperature.
One recent deployment of a special Friction-welding process, actually a solid state joining technique has been used particularly in aluminum alloys, although other materials are tested in the laboratory. This emerging technological development, first demonstrated as a laboratory curiosity, has enjoyed successful applications in aerospace productions, and has been recently adopted for actual production of aerospace hardware.
It is called FRICTION STIR WELDING. This new Friction-welding equipment rotates a specially designed non consumable friction tool and drives it first into the butt joint line of two plates fixtured together, and then along the seam. The tool presents some kind of a thread and, while moving lengthwise, effectively heats and removes material in plastic state from the leading side and deposits it at the trailing side completing the weld. Such a weld, being in a fine-grained hot worked condition, has considerable metallurgical advantages especially for aluminium alloys, like absence of porosity or oxides and very good mechanical properties.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Flexible (Rubber) Fuel Tank Used In Aircraft
Flexible (Rubber) Fuel Tank Used In Aircraft
INTRODUCTION
The changing scenario in the defense system of our country has brought a lot of changes in different sectors. As we all know during war period 75% of our nation’s security is entirely dependent on our air force. Fuel consumption of aircraft is almost 1/3rd of aircraft weight. Previous generations of jets used metallic fuel tanks to carry fuel. These tanks were placed (fitted) underneath or inside the aircraft, creating special space. But for economic flying added weight due to metallic tank should be reduced. It saves about Rs. 8 lakes during total working of aircraft.
Added metallic tanks crated problem of increasing weight and also problems in designing aerofoil shape of the jet.
Different cavities and compartment in jet can accommodate by fuel but importance was given to reduce weight. The importance was also given to have material able to work in low as well as high temperature.
Thus we have to reduce the aircraft weight. This is done by installation of flexible (rubber) fuel tanks.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The changing scenario in the defense system of our country has brought a lot of changes in different sectors. As we all know during war period 75% of our nation’s security is entirely dependent on our air force. Fuel consumption of aircraft is almost 1/3rd of aircraft weight. Previous generations of jets used metallic fuel tanks to carry fuel. These tanks were placed (fitted) underneath or inside the aircraft, creating special space. But for economic flying added weight due to metallic tank should be reduced. It saves about Rs. 8 lakes during total working of aircraft.
Added metallic tanks crated problem of increasing weight and also problems in designing aerofoil shape of the jet.
Different cavities and compartment in jet can accommodate by fuel but importance was given to reduce weight. The importance was also given to have material able to work in low as well as high temperature.
Thus we have to reduce the aircraft weight. This is done by installation of flexible (rubber) fuel tanks.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
INTRODUCTION
The limitations of human mind are such that it cannot grasp the behavior of its complex surrounding and creations in one operation. Thus the process of subdividing all systems into their individual components or elements, whose behavior is all readily understood and then rebuilding the original system from such components to study its behavior is a natural way in which the engineer, the scientist or even the economist Proceeds .
The finite element method is a numerical method, which can be used for the solution of complex engineering problems with accuracy acceptable to engineers.
In 1957 this method was first developed basically for the analysis of aircraft structures.
There after the usefulness of this method for various engineering problems were recognized .over the years ,the finite element technique has been so well developed that ,today it is considered to be one of the best method for solving a wide variety of practical problems efficiently.
One of the main reasons for the popularity of the method in different fields of engineering is that once a general computer program is written ,it can be used for the solution of any problem simply by changing the input data.
In FEM since the actual problem is replaced by a simpler one in finding the solution we will be able to find only an approximate solution rather than the exact solution .In most of the practical problems, the existing mathematical tools are not even able to find approximate solution of the problem .Thus, in the absence of any other convenient method to find even the approximate solution of a given problem ,we have to prefer the FEM.
The digital computer provided a rapid means of performing many calculations involved in FEA. Alongwith the development of high speed computers, the application of the FEM also progressed at a very impressive rate.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The limitations of human mind are such that it cannot grasp the behavior of its complex surrounding and creations in one operation. Thus the process of subdividing all systems into their individual components or elements, whose behavior is all readily understood and then rebuilding the original system from such components to study its behavior is a natural way in which the engineer, the scientist or even the economist Proceeds .
The finite element method is a numerical method, which can be used for the solution of complex engineering problems with accuracy acceptable to engineers.
In 1957 this method was first developed basically for the analysis of aircraft structures.
There after the usefulness of this method for various engineering problems were recognized .over the years ,the finite element technique has been so well developed that ,today it is considered to be one of the best method for solving a wide variety of practical problems efficiently.
One of the main reasons for the popularity of the method in different fields of engineering is that once a general computer program is written ,it can be used for the solution of any problem simply by changing the input data.
In FEM since the actual problem is replaced by a simpler one in finding the solution we will be able to find only an approximate solution rather than the exact solution .In most of the practical problems, the existing mathematical tools are not even able to find approximate solution of the problem .Thus, in the absence of any other convenient method to find even the approximate solution of a given problem ,we have to prefer the FEM.
The digital computer provided a rapid means of performing many calculations involved in FEA. Alongwith the development of high speed computers, the application of the FEM also progressed at a very impressive rate.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Tuesday, March 29, 2011
Multipoint fuel injection in S.I engine
Multipoint fuel injection in S.I engine
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the system in vehicles is to provide a vaporized mixture of fuel and air to the engine for combustion. A fuel system is composed of the fuel pump, two fuel filters (one of which is a fuel strainer located in the fuel tank) pressure regulator, injectors, distribution pipe, fuel hoses and fuel tank. It supplies the necessary amount of the injectors at a constant pressure. This system also meters and injects the fuel into intake port according to the injection signals from the control unit.
For most of the existence of the internal combustion engine, the carburetor has been the device that supplied fuel to the engine and on many other machines such as lawn mowers and chainsaws it still is. But as the automobile evolved, the carburetor got more and more complicated trying to handle all of the operating requirement .In trying to keep with the emissions and fuel efficiency laws, the fuel system has changed a lot over the years. With the failure of carburetor system, there was gradual evolution of MPFI system that has totally replaced the carburetor system.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the system in vehicles is to provide a vaporized mixture of fuel and air to the engine for combustion. A fuel system is composed of the fuel pump, two fuel filters (one of which is a fuel strainer located in the fuel tank) pressure regulator, injectors, distribution pipe, fuel hoses and fuel tank. It supplies the necessary amount of the injectors at a constant pressure. This system also meters and injects the fuel into intake port according to the injection signals from the control unit.
For most of the existence of the internal combustion engine, the carburetor has been the device that supplied fuel to the engine and on many other machines such as lawn mowers and chainsaws it still is. But as the automobile evolved, the carburetor got more and more complicated trying to handle all of the operating requirement .In trying to keep with the emissions and fuel efficiency laws, the fuel system has changed a lot over the years. With the failure of carburetor system, there was gradual evolution of MPFI system that has totally replaced the carburetor system.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA
EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION:
Today all over the world awareness about nuclear power is increasing all the world is looking at nuclear power as potential energy source of future. Countries like China are emphasizing on their nuclear power development though it is having huge coal reserves. It reflected from that there are total six reactors are under construction in China at present.
Now every one has realized the potential in the nuclear power India is not exception to this. India’s atomic energy programme started in trombay about half a century ago it has came a long way since then the various institutions of Department of atomic energy notched up stellar achievement in basic research and technology development. fortunately we have great visionaries like Dr. Homi Bhabha who not only started but had given a proper direction to the development of nuclear power in India .He was much more than that he was a brilliant scientist and an outstanding science administrator but most of all he was a pioneering visionary who understood the importance of indigenous scientific research for self reliant development .Visionaries like Dr.Bhabha have shaped the scientific temper of our country. because of the clean interest of Dr.Bhabha and the then PM J. Nehru department of atomic energy was created in August 03 1954.Since then there is no looking back.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION:
Today all over the world awareness about nuclear power is increasing all the world is looking at nuclear power as potential energy source of future. Countries like China are emphasizing on their nuclear power development though it is having huge coal reserves. It reflected from that there are total six reactors are under construction in China at present.
Now every one has realized the potential in the nuclear power India is not exception to this. India’s atomic energy programme started in trombay about half a century ago it has came a long way since then the various institutions of Department of atomic energy notched up stellar achievement in basic research and technology development. fortunately we have great visionaries like Dr. Homi Bhabha who not only started but had given a proper direction to the development of nuclear power in India .He was much more than that he was a brilliant scientist and an outstanding science administrator but most of all he was a pioneering visionary who understood the importance of indigenous scientific research for self reliant development .Visionaries like Dr.Bhabha have shaped the scientific temper of our country. because of the clean interest of Dr.Bhabha and the then PM J. Nehru department of atomic energy was created in August 03 1954.Since then there is no looking back.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
ABSTRACT
The ability to have many functional blocks on-chip is a requirement for designers today. When looking at all the new technologies and emerging design tools available, one knows that these tools have made it easier to architect systems with these new solutions. New leading-edge applications ranging from games to networking infrastructure equipment are driving the need to include large-capacity and high-speed memory on-chip rather than separately as a discrete device.
This paper discusses the need of SoC in the embedded technology, there by focusing the attention on the reduced power consumption of the devices and looking forward to the integration of the hardware and the software applications on a single chip without affecting the functionality of the output with SoC solutions. Over the past decade, one of the more interesting advancements in embedded technology has been the move toward system-on-a-chip (SoC) implementations. The migration of discrete components into a single-chip footprint enables designers to take advantage of the cost, power, and speed that just aren’t available in other equivalent multi-chip systems.
This paper also gives brief review over the Advances in System-on-Chip (SoC) technology which makes it possible to utilize customizable embedded processor cores, together with a variety of novel on-chip/off-chip memory hierarchies, allowing customization of SoC architectures for specific embedded applications and tasks.
INTRODUCTION:
SoC’s are nothing but System on Chip, whose designs are becoming increasingly popular in the embedded system arena. Integration of a fully functional system in a single chip demands integration of hardware and related software. For the system integrator, the benefits of high integration include faster time to market, lower power consumption, higher reliability, and lower cost. The semiconductor industry is meeting the demands presented by the market trends with System-On-a-Chip (SoC) designs. Any SoC contains the processor, logic, analog macros and memory needed to perform all of the critical functions& they also represent a major departure from previous system-on-a-board development. Today, thanks to advancements in embedded technology, these architecture have lead us to an era of super integration which not only integrates DSP and the processor but also results in many System On a Chip (SoC) solutions that make embedded systems hardware design very easy.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
The ability to have many functional blocks on-chip is a requirement for designers today. When looking at all the new technologies and emerging design tools available, one knows that these tools have made it easier to architect systems with these new solutions. New leading-edge applications ranging from games to networking infrastructure equipment are driving the need to include large-capacity and high-speed memory on-chip rather than separately as a discrete device.
This paper discusses the need of SoC in the embedded technology, there by focusing the attention on the reduced power consumption of the devices and looking forward to the integration of the hardware and the software applications on a single chip without affecting the functionality of the output with SoC solutions. Over the past decade, one of the more interesting advancements in embedded technology has been the move toward system-on-a-chip (SoC) implementations. The migration of discrete components into a single-chip footprint enables designers to take advantage of the cost, power, and speed that just aren’t available in other equivalent multi-chip systems.
This paper also gives brief review over the Advances in System-on-Chip (SoC) technology which makes it possible to utilize customizable embedded processor cores, together with a variety of novel on-chip/off-chip memory hierarchies, allowing customization of SoC architectures for specific embedded applications and tasks.
INTRODUCTION:
SoC’s are nothing but System on Chip, whose designs are becoming increasingly popular in the embedded system arena. Integration of a fully functional system in a single chip demands integration of hardware and related software. For the system integrator, the benefits of high integration include faster time to market, lower power consumption, higher reliability, and lower cost. The semiconductor industry is meeting the demands presented by the market trends with System-On-a-Chip (SoC) designs. Any SoC contains the processor, logic, analog macros and memory needed to perform all of the critical functions& they also represent a major departure from previous system-on-a-board development. Today, thanks to advancements in embedded technology, these architecture have lead us to an era of super integration which not only integrates DSP and the processor but also results in many System On a Chip (SoC) solutions that make embedded systems hardware design very easy.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (3G VS WI-FI)
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (3G VS WI-FI)
ABSTRACT
This paper offers a qualitative comparison of two wireless technologies that could be viewed simultaneously as substitute and complementary paths for evolving to a broadband wireless access. The two technologies, 3G, which is the preferred upgrade path for cellular providers, and WiFi, one of the many WLAN technologies that offers an alternative platform for providing wireless access.
The former, 3G, refers to the collection of third generation cellular technologies that are designed to allow mobile cellular operators to offer integrated data and voice services over cellular networks. The latter, WiFi, refers to the 802.11b wireless Ethernet standard that was designed to support wireless LANs.
Although the two technologies reflect fundamentally different service, industry, and architectural design goals, origins, and philosophies, each has recently attracted a lot of attention as candidates for the dominant platform for providing broadband wireless access to the Internet. If they are viewed as in competition, then the triumph of one at the expense of the other would be likely to have profound implications for the evolution of the wireless Internet and service provider industry structure.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
This paper offers a qualitative comparison of two wireless technologies that could be viewed simultaneously as substitute and complementary paths for evolving to a broadband wireless access. The two technologies, 3G, which is the preferred upgrade path for cellular providers, and WiFi, one of the many WLAN technologies that offers an alternative platform for providing wireless access.
The former, 3G, refers to the collection of third generation cellular technologies that are designed to allow mobile cellular operators to offer integrated data and voice services over cellular networks. The latter, WiFi, refers to the 802.11b wireless Ethernet standard that was designed to support wireless LANs.
Although the two technologies reflect fundamentally different service, industry, and architectural design goals, origins, and philosophies, each has recently attracted a lot of attention as candidates for the dominant platform for providing broadband wireless access to the Internet. If they are viewed as in competition, then the triumph of one at the expense of the other would be likely to have profound implications for the evolution of the wireless Internet and service provider industry structure.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
TELE-COMMUNICATION
TELE-COMMUNICATION
ABSTRACT:
Bluetooth is the code name for a personal area network (PAN) technology that makes it extremely easy to connect a mobile computing device to wireless phones and modems. It is a short-range radio technology that allows virtually any digital device telecommunications, personal computing, networking automotive, and consumer electronic to communicate without wrestling with numerous cords or cables. Bluetooth wireless technology is set to revolutionize the way we communicate and how we connect device. Cables become a thing of the past thanks to the robust, low-cost Bluetooth chips.
Bluetooth is a specification for a wireless technology. The open specification for this innovative technology "Bluetooth" is being developed through the combined contribution of the members of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Ericsson, Toshiba, IBM, Nokia and Intel, which are the five major founding companies, have combined their individual expertise to create Bluetooth towards a technology standard. Bluetooth technology and standards provide the means for the replacement of cable that connects one device to another with a universal short-range radio link.
Bluetooth wireless technology will power new usage models for the handheld giving the users unprecedented flexibility and connectivity options for truly anytime anyplace networking such as:
• Handheld-to-handheld collaboration for personal area networking (WPAN)
• Handheld-to-LAN access point connectivity for local area networking (WLAN)
• Handheld-to-cellular phone communications for wide area networking (WWAN)
Bluetooth can be applied world widely. The success of Bluetooth will benefits all the users in the future.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT:
Bluetooth is the code name for a personal area network (PAN) technology that makes it extremely easy to connect a mobile computing device to wireless phones and modems. It is a short-range radio technology that allows virtually any digital device telecommunications, personal computing, networking automotive, and consumer electronic to communicate without wrestling with numerous cords or cables. Bluetooth wireless technology is set to revolutionize the way we communicate and how we connect device. Cables become a thing of the past thanks to the robust, low-cost Bluetooth chips.
Bluetooth is a specification for a wireless technology. The open specification for this innovative technology "Bluetooth" is being developed through the combined contribution of the members of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). Ericsson, Toshiba, IBM, Nokia and Intel, which are the five major founding companies, have combined their individual expertise to create Bluetooth towards a technology standard. Bluetooth technology and standards provide the means for the replacement of cable that connects one device to another with a universal short-range radio link.
Bluetooth wireless technology will power new usage models for the handheld giving the users unprecedented flexibility and connectivity options for truly anytime anyplace networking such as:
• Handheld-to-handheld collaboration for personal area networking (WPAN)
• Handheld-to-LAN access point connectivity for local area networking (WLAN)
• Handheld-to-cellular phone communications for wide area networking (WWAN)
Bluetooth can be applied world widely. The success of Bluetooth will benefits all the users in the future.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Monday, March 28, 2011
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AGV MATERIAL HANDLING SYSTEM IN A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AGV MATERIAL HANDLING SYSTEM IN A FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT
ABSTRACT
In recent years the worldwide development and use of automated system within the manufacturing industry has led to proliferation of system designs mainly involving the integration of a wide range of suitable computerized machine tools and material handling equipment. To cope with this and for getting flexibility and adoptability "FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING (FMS)'' comes in to picture.
Automated guided vehicles (AGV) are use to provide the flexibility in the handling of the material. The AGV'S can be of many different designs with different degree of flexibility. To exploit the benefits of an AGV material handling system. This paper presents the development of the fleet manager. The sophisticated software in the fleet manager monitor and controls the AGV'S remotely through a wireless communication network.
The presented paper deals with introduction to FMS and the AGV system. An automated or automatic guided vehicle system is a material handling system that uses independently operated, self propelled vehicles that are guided along defined pathways in the floor.
As we know automation has been key to success for many factoring process in industries. In it FMS is the new trend. In the decade of 90, so due to material handling by conventional methods takes more time so AGV is the solution over it. so in this paper FMS a AGV is elaborated in detail solution over it.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
In recent years the worldwide development and use of automated system within the manufacturing industry has led to proliferation of system designs mainly involving the integration of a wide range of suitable computerized machine tools and material handling equipment. To cope with this and for getting flexibility and adoptability "FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING (FMS)'' comes in to picture.
Automated guided vehicles (AGV) are use to provide the flexibility in the handling of the material. The AGV'S can be of many different designs with different degree of flexibility. To exploit the benefits of an AGV material handling system. This paper presents the development of the fleet manager. The sophisticated software in the fleet manager monitor and controls the AGV'S remotely through a wireless communication network.
The presented paper deals with introduction to FMS and the AGV system. An automated or automatic guided vehicle system is a material handling system that uses independently operated, self propelled vehicles that are guided along defined pathways in the floor.
As we know automation has been key to success for many factoring process in industries. In it FMS is the new trend. In the decade of 90, so due to material handling by conventional methods takes more time so AGV is the solution over it. so in this paper FMS a AGV is elaborated in detail solution over it.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
What Is Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing?
What Is Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing?
Abstract
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a language used on mechanical engineering drawings composed of symbols that are used to efficiently and accurately communicate geometry requirements for associated features on components and assemblies. GD&T is, and has been, successfully used for many years in the automotive, aerospace, electronic and the commercial design and manufacturing industries.
In today’s modern and technically advanced design, engineering and manufacturing world, effective and accurate communication is required to ensure successful end products. Currently, ASME Y14.5–2009 is the accepted geometric dimensioning and tolerancing standard superseding ANSI Y14.5M-1994 used within the USA and ISO 1101-2004 is used outside of the the USA.
Success oriented industries and organizations which, require accurate and common lines of communications between engineering, design, manufacturing and quality should consider geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) as their mechanical drawing standard.
Some advantages of GD&T (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing) are;
1. Provides a clear and concise technique for defining a reference coordinate system (datum's) on a component or assembly to be used throughout the manufacturing and inspection processes.
2. Proper application of geometric dimensioning closely dovetails accepted and logical mechanical design process and design for manufacturing considerations.
3. Geometric dimensioning dramatically reduces the need for drawing notes to describe complex geometry requirements on a component or assembly by the use of standard symbology that accurately and quickly defines design, manufacturing and inspection requirements.
4. GD&T concepts such as MMC (maximum material condition) when applied properly will facilitate and simplify the design of cost saving functional check gages, manufacturing fixtures and jigs.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Abstract
Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a language used on mechanical engineering drawings composed of symbols that are used to efficiently and accurately communicate geometry requirements for associated features on components and assemblies. GD&T is, and has been, successfully used for many years in the automotive, aerospace, electronic and the commercial design and manufacturing industries.
In today’s modern and technically advanced design, engineering and manufacturing world, effective and accurate communication is required to ensure successful end products. Currently, ASME Y14.5–2009 is the accepted geometric dimensioning and tolerancing standard superseding ANSI Y14.5M-1994 used within the USA and ISO 1101-2004 is used outside of the the USA.
Success oriented industries and organizations which, require accurate and common lines of communications between engineering, design, manufacturing and quality should consider geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) as their mechanical drawing standard.
Some advantages of GD&T (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing) are;
1. Provides a clear and concise technique for defining a reference coordinate system (datum's) on a component or assembly to be used throughout the manufacturing and inspection processes.
2. Proper application of geometric dimensioning closely dovetails accepted and logical mechanical design process and design for manufacturing considerations.
3. Geometric dimensioning dramatically reduces the need for drawing notes to describe complex geometry requirements on a component or assembly by the use of standard symbology that accurately and quickly defines design, manufacturing and inspection requirements.
4. GD&T concepts such as MMC (maximum material condition) when applied properly will facilitate and simplify the design of cost saving functional check gages, manufacturing fixtures and jigs.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF CHASSIS
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF CHASSIS
ABSTRACT
In this seminar automobile chassis is selected as a case study for the use of optimization technique in engineering design. This is a paper of the work performed towards the stiffness optimization of an automobile chassis. The chassis used for the purpose of the project is a product of an Indian automobile company. This chassis has been modeled with beam and pipe elements using I-DEAS engineering software package, as a finite element model. Three-dimensional CAD software (such as CATIA or IDEAS) enables us not only to define kinematical relationships but also to investigate free traveling on newly developed chassis systems. By dosing so, potential errors can be minimized in the design phase, so that the costly prototype manufacturing can be prepared most favorable. Prototype parts are either built up at workshops.
Stiffness optimization has been attempted on the beam element models using the I-DEAS in order to obtain a stiffer model. The chassis is composed of channel steel members, the sizes of the side members are varied during optimization. The constraints on the optimization are the bending stiffness of the chassis. The final result is a chassis stiffer by around 27%.
INTRODUCTION
Automobile chassis is a simple but integral part of the vehicle. It is the golden line between the engine parts and wheels of the vehicle to which the component of the vehicle are supposed to be coupled. Its prime function is
To provide the support to the radiator, engine and vehicle outer body.
To prevent the engine and other parts of the vehicle from the stresses developed at the front and rear shafts.
Since the very beginning of motorcar manufacturing, engineers have been constantly working on the development and optimization of all chassis components in order to improve ride comfort and active safety at the same, longer service life expectations and the increased automobile competition have raised the demands of the optimal design based automobile parts with low investments of cost and time. In order to fulfill these demands extensive development work was carried out and it is still continue. So the optimization is carried out by various methods one of them is Finite Element Analysis.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
In this seminar automobile chassis is selected as a case study for the use of optimization technique in engineering design. This is a paper of the work performed towards the stiffness optimization of an automobile chassis. The chassis used for the purpose of the project is a product of an Indian automobile company. This chassis has been modeled with beam and pipe elements using I-DEAS engineering software package, as a finite element model. Three-dimensional CAD software (such as CATIA or IDEAS) enables us not only to define kinematical relationships but also to investigate free traveling on newly developed chassis systems. By dosing so, potential errors can be minimized in the design phase, so that the costly prototype manufacturing can be prepared most favorable. Prototype parts are either built up at workshops.
Stiffness optimization has been attempted on the beam element models using the I-DEAS in order to obtain a stiffer model. The chassis is composed of channel steel members, the sizes of the side members are varied during optimization. The constraints on the optimization are the bending stiffness of the chassis. The final result is a chassis stiffer by around 27%.
INTRODUCTION
Automobile chassis is a simple but integral part of the vehicle. It is the golden line between the engine parts and wheels of the vehicle to which the component of the vehicle are supposed to be coupled. Its prime function is
To provide the support to the radiator, engine and vehicle outer body.
To prevent the engine and other parts of the vehicle from the stresses developed at the front and rear shafts.
Since the very beginning of motorcar manufacturing, engineers have been constantly working on the development and optimization of all chassis components in order to improve ride comfort and active safety at the same, longer service life expectations and the increased automobile competition have raised the demands of the optimal design based automobile parts with low investments of cost and time. In order to fulfill these demands extensive development work was carried out and it is still continue. So the optimization is carried out by various methods one of them is Finite Element Analysis.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
CRYOPUMP-DESIGN AND APPLICATION
CRYOPUMP-DESIGN AND APPLICATION
ABSRACT
Cryopumping is associated with vacuum technology involving cryogenic engineering. The term is derived from the Greek word Kryo's, which means cold or frost. Cryogenics is frequently applied to very low temperature refrigeration applications such as the liquefaction of gases and in the study of physical phenomenon at temperatures approaching Absolute Zero. In the field of cryogenic engineering, one is concerned with the developing and improving low-temperature techniques, processes and equipment. Various areas involving cryogenic application are Space Simulation & high vacuum technology, Rocket propulsion systems, studies in high energy physics, Electronics, mechanical design, Biological and Medical applications, food processing, Manufacturing processes, Recycling materials.
In space simulation and high vacuum technology, to produce a vacuum that approaches that of outer space (from 10-12 torr to 10-14 torr) (1 pa =10-2 torr), cryopumping is used. Cryopumping, or freezing out the residual gases is used to provide the ultra high vacuum required in space simulation chambers and in test chambers. For space propulsion system the cold or free space is simulated by cooling a shroud within the environmental chamber by means of liquid nitrogen. Dense gases helium at less than 20K or liquid helium is used to cool the cryopanels that freeze out the residual gases.
Thus the cryopump serves an important means to maintain high vacuum, which is useful in space simulation programs.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSRACT
Cryopumping is associated with vacuum technology involving cryogenic engineering. The term is derived from the Greek word Kryo's, which means cold or frost. Cryogenics is frequently applied to very low temperature refrigeration applications such as the liquefaction of gases and in the study of physical phenomenon at temperatures approaching Absolute Zero. In the field of cryogenic engineering, one is concerned with the developing and improving low-temperature techniques, processes and equipment. Various areas involving cryogenic application are Space Simulation & high vacuum technology, Rocket propulsion systems, studies in high energy physics, Electronics, mechanical design, Biological and Medical applications, food processing, Manufacturing processes, Recycling materials.
In space simulation and high vacuum technology, to produce a vacuum that approaches that of outer space (from 10-12 torr to 10-14 torr) (1 pa =10-2 torr), cryopumping is used. Cryopumping, or freezing out the residual gases is used to provide the ultra high vacuum required in space simulation chambers and in test chambers. For space propulsion system the cold or free space is simulated by cooling a shroud within the environmental chamber by means of liquid nitrogen. Dense gases helium at less than 20K or liquid helium is used to cool the cryopanels that freeze out the residual gases.
Thus the cryopump serves an important means to maintain high vacuum, which is useful in space simulation programs.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Cryogenic Grinding
Cryogenic Grinding
INTRODUCTION
The term “Cryogenics” originates from Greek word which means creation or production by means of cold. As prices for energy and raw materials rise and concern for the environment makes safe waste disposal difficult and Costly, resource recovery becomes a vital matter for today’s business. Cryogenic grinding technology can efficiently grind most tough materials and can also facilitate Cryogenic recycling of tough composite materials and multi component scrap. The heart of this technology is the CRYO-GRIND SYSTEM. It employs a cryogenic process to embrittle and grind materials to achieve consistent particle size for a wide range of products. The cryogenic process also has a unique capability for recycling difficult to separate composite materials.
Cryogenic grinding is a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to minus 70°F. The herbs are frozen with liquid nitrogen as they are being ground. This process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way. Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F. These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs. The cryogenic grinding process starts with air-dried herbs, rather than freeze-dried herbs.
Solid materials are ground or pulverized by way of hammer mills, attrition mills, granulators or other equipment. A smaller
particle size is usually needed to enhance the further processing of the solid, as in mixing with other materials. A finer particle also helps in melting of rubber and plastics for molding. However, many materials are either very soft or very tough at room temperatures. By cooling to cryogenic temperatures with liquid nitrogen, these may be embrittled and easily fractured into
small particles.
A scientifically controlled study using four herbs was conducted at Frontier Herbs in the Fall of 1996, comparing cryogenic grinding methods with normal grinding methods. The herbs tested included feverfew, goldenseal, valerian and echinacea. In all cases the cryogenically ground herb contained greater amounts of the constituents tested. Feverfew herb showed the
greatest difference, with the cryogenically ground herb containing 21.8% higher levels of parthenolide, the primary active constituent. Valerian root showed an 18.7% increase in valerenic acid when cryogenically ground. Goldenseal root showed a 16.4% increase in berberine and 10.7% increase in hydrastine. Lastly, Echinacea purpurea root showed a 12.1% increase in total phenolic content in the cryogenically ground root. Test results were obtained by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) methods.
Cryogenic grinding was shown to significantly affect active constituent levels in herbs. Test results showed an average increase of 15.6% in constituents tested in four medicinal herbs when they were ground cryogenically. The range was 10.7% to 21.8%, indicating that some herbs are affected more than others by the temperatures at which they're ground.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The term “Cryogenics” originates from Greek word which means creation or production by means of cold. As prices for energy and raw materials rise and concern for the environment makes safe waste disposal difficult and Costly, resource recovery becomes a vital matter for today’s business. Cryogenic grinding technology can efficiently grind most tough materials and can also facilitate Cryogenic recycling of tough composite materials and multi component scrap. The heart of this technology is the CRYO-GRIND SYSTEM. It employs a cryogenic process to embrittle and grind materials to achieve consistent particle size for a wide range of products. The cryogenic process also has a unique capability for recycling difficult to separate composite materials.
Cryogenic grinding is a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to minus 70°F. The herbs are frozen with liquid nitrogen as they are being ground. This process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way. Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F. These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs. The cryogenic grinding process starts with air-dried herbs, rather than freeze-dried herbs.
Solid materials are ground or pulverized by way of hammer mills, attrition mills, granulators or other equipment. A smaller
particle size is usually needed to enhance the further processing of the solid, as in mixing with other materials. A finer particle also helps in melting of rubber and plastics for molding. However, many materials are either very soft or very tough at room temperatures. By cooling to cryogenic temperatures with liquid nitrogen, these may be embrittled and easily fractured into
small particles.
A scientifically controlled study using four herbs was conducted at Frontier Herbs in the Fall of 1996, comparing cryogenic grinding methods with normal grinding methods. The herbs tested included feverfew, goldenseal, valerian and echinacea. In all cases the cryogenically ground herb contained greater amounts of the constituents tested. Feverfew herb showed the
greatest difference, with the cryogenically ground herb containing 21.8% higher levels of parthenolide, the primary active constituent. Valerian root showed an 18.7% increase in valerenic acid when cryogenically ground. Goldenseal root showed a 16.4% increase in berberine and 10.7% increase in hydrastine. Lastly, Echinacea purpurea root showed a 12.1% increase in total phenolic content in the cryogenically ground root. Test results were obtained by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) methods.
Cryogenic grinding was shown to significantly affect active constituent levels in herbs. Test results showed an average increase of 15.6% in constituents tested in four medicinal herbs when they were ground cryogenically. The range was 10.7% to 21.8%, indicating that some herbs are affected more than others by the temperatures at which they're ground.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
CONDITION MONITORING THROUGH VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
CONDITION MONITORING THROUGH VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION
In industry, maintenance cost of equipment accounts for a considerable percentage of production cost. Maintenance affects the target, quality and profitability of the plant. Implementation of modern concept of Condition Based Maintenance can appreciably reduce maintenance costs and enhance reliability of machine performance and quality of the output.
In many modern industries worldwide, failures of critical equipment have frequently led to loss of production, high maintenance and operation costs. As the capital cost of modern machines is very high, the requirement of continuous and prolonged operation becomes inevitable, to sustain economic operation. There has been a trend towards adoption of various forms of Condition Based Maintenance Systems which contribute to better health of machines, reduced maintenance costs, efficient use of personnel and improved system efficiencies.
Predictive maintenance techniques have proven to be effective strategies to reduce unexpected machinery failure. Vibration monitoring is by far the most widely used predictive maintenance technology due to the significant amount of machinery condition information provided.
Over the last 30 years vibration monitoring has gained industry acceptance as a reliable method of measuring the mechanical condition of rotating machinery. The reason simply is that all machines vibrate; even machinery that is in good operating condition vibrates to some degree. By determining what is normal vibration for a particular machine against what is not normal, the mechanical deterioration of any machine can be monitored.
Vibration Analysis suits ideally the requirement of Condition Monitoring, in spite of relatively higher initial costs in terms of instruments. It is easy to record and transfer data, ensure accuracy of data for trend analysis and fault diagnosis. Further, its versatility and portability permit effective planning and implementation of monitoring schedules.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
In industry, maintenance cost of equipment accounts for a considerable percentage of production cost. Maintenance affects the target, quality and profitability of the plant. Implementation of modern concept of Condition Based Maintenance can appreciably reduce maintenance costs and enhance reliability of machine performance and quality of the output.
In many modern industries worldwide, failures of critical equipment have frequently led to loss of production, high maintenance and operation costs. As the capital cost of modern machines is very high, the requirement of continuous and prolonged operation becomes inevitable, to sustain economic operation. There has been a trend towards adoption of various forms of Condition Based Maintenance Systems which contribute to better health of machines, reduced maintenance costs, efficient use of personnel and improved system efficiencies.
Predictive maintenance techniques have proven to be effective strategies to reduce unexpected machinery failure. Vibration monitoring is by far the most widely used predictive maintenance technology due to the significant amount of machinery condition information provided.
Over the last 30 years vibration monitoring has gained industry acceptance as a reliable method of measuring the mechanical condition of rotating machinery. The reason simply is that all machines vibrate; even machinery that is in good operating condition vibrates to some degree. By determining what is normal vibration for a particular machine against what is not normal, the mechanical deterioration of any machine can be monitored.
Vibration Analysis suits ideally the requirement of Condition Monitoring, in spite of relatively higher initial costs in terms of instruments. It is easy to record and transfer data, ensure accuracy of data for trend analysis and fault diagnosis. Further, its versatility and portability permit effective planning and implementation of monitoring schedules.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, FABRICATION & INTERFACING OF E.O.T CRANE
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, FABRICATION & INTERFACING OF E.O.T CRANE
Abstract:
The project titled “COMPUTERIZED ELECTRIC OVERHEAD TRAVELLING CRANE” is being undertaken to counter difficulties in material handling and load lifting processes. In this paper we discuss the preparation of the program of Hoisting Mechanism in Visual Basic and the steps undertaken to complete the fabrication of the EOT crane and finally interfacing it with computer. The E.O.T crane model which is fabricated comprises of all the three mechanism namely Hoisting, Trolley Traveling and Bridge Traveling. The VB program designed comprises right from large database of material selection to the design suggestions provided at each steps taking into account the optimization. The fabrication involves selection of layout, material for individual components, motors etc and various considerations taken into account for fabrication. This is followed by interfacing the E.O.T. crane model with computer using relay circuit. As the name suggests it consists of Relays, Transistors, Diode, Optoisolators etc. The relay circuit is activated by parallel port LPT1 Data pins using C language.
Introduction:
The E.O.T consists essentially of a girder, or girders, supported at each end on trucks capable of traveling on elevated fixed tracks, and a trolley, equipped with hoisting and other mechanism, capable of traversing from end to end of such girder or girders. Such cranes vary in lifting capacity from about 2 tons to 400 tons, and in span from 20 ft. to 150 ft, or more. For capacities of 10 tons and upwards an independent auxiliary hoist rated at 1/5 to 1/3 that of the main hoist is frequently provided. The computer Aided Design facilitates gives alternative parameters and thus calculates the unknown parameter which speeds up the design process. In the computerization the scope for providing cabins fixed to bridge is eliminated thus reducing the cost and space.
Computer Aided Design of Electric Overhead Traveling Crane employs Visual Basic as the front end. In the design using V.B., the user will have to input, the Load to be lifted, the operating conditions as in nature of duty, service factors, hoisting speed and then the design of rope is done. The Design of rope is on the basis of life criteria and can be checked for strength criteria and vice versa based upon the data available. The diameter of rope is calculated and the thus the diameter of sheave is calculated. During calculation of rope diameter the tackle efficiency, fall system depending on load, lay of rope and thus various parameters are analyzed for selecting the diameter of rope. In the tackle assembly the moving sheave assembly and hook Assembly are calculated. In case of Moving sheave assembly the diameter of moving sheaves
and corresponding dimensions of sheave is calculated. Similarly the selection of bearings, dimensions of shackle plate and check plate are calculated. In case of hook assembly the bed diameter C is decided based on load and then the corresponding dimensions are generated by empirical relations and thus all the dimensions are obtained. Then failure analysis is carried at every part. For example when the tensile failure at the threaded part is carried out in case of failure the dimensions are rectified thus modifying the load and the overall dimensions. Thrust bearing design is followed and the bearing selection is completed. Finally the cross-piece design is carried out taking into account the various deign considerations. The hoisting mechanism is designed by selection of appropriate drive unit and rope drum.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Abstract:
The project titled “COMPUTERIZED ELECTRIC OVERHEAD TRAVELLING CRANE” is being undertaken to counter difficulties in material handling and load lifting processes. In this paper we discuss the preparation of the program of Hoisting Mechanism in Visual Basic and the steps undertaken to complete the fabrication of the EOT crane and finally interfacing it with computer. The E.O.T crane model which is fabricated comprises of all the three mechanism namely Hoisting, Trolley Traveling and Bridge Traveling. The VB program designed comprises right from large database of material selection to the design suggestions provided at each steps taking into account the optimization. The fabrication involves selection of layout, material for individual components, motors etc and various considerations taken into account for fabrication. This is followed by interfacing the E.O.T. crane model with computer using relay circuit. As the name suggests it consists of Relays, Transistors, Diode, Optoisolators etc. The relay circuit is activated by parallel port LPT1 Data pins using C language.
Introduction:
The E.O.T consists essentially of a girder, or girders, supported at each end on trucks capable of traveling on elevated fixed tracks, and a trolley, equipped with hoisting and other mechanism, capable of traversing from end to end of such girder or girders. Such cranes vary in lifting capacity from about 2 tons to 400 tons, and in span from 20 ft. to 150 ft, or more. For capacities of 10 tons and upwards an independent auxiliary hoist rated at 1/5 to 1/3 that of the main hoist is frequently provided. The computer Aided Design facilitates gives alternative parameters and thus calculates the unknown parameter which speeds up the design process. In the computerization the scope for providing cabins fixed to bridge is eliminated thus reducing the cost and space.
Computer Aided Design of Electric Overhead Traveling Crane employs Visual Basic as the front end. In the design using V.B., the user will have to input, the Load to be lifted, the operating conditions as in nature of duty, service factors, hoisting speed and then the design of rope is done. The Design of rope is on the basis of life criteria and can be checked for strength criteria and vice versa based upon the data available. The diameter of rope is calculated and the thus the diameter of sheave is calculated. During calculation of rope diameter the tackle efficiency, fall system depending on load, lay of rope and thus various parameters are analyzed for selecting the diameter of rope. In the tackle assembly the moving sheave assembly and hook Assembly are calculated. In case of Moving sheave assembly the diameter of moving sheaves
and corresponding dimensions of sheave is calculated. Similarly the selection of bearings, dimensions of shackle plate and check plate are calculated. In case of hook assembly the bed diameter C is decided based on load and then the corresponding dimensions are generated by empirical relations and thus all the dimensions are obtained. Then failure analysis is carried at every part. For example when the tensile failure at the threaded part is carried out in case of failure the dimensions are rectified thus modifying the load and the overall dimensions. Thrust bearing design is followed and the bearing selection is completed. Finally the cross-piece design is carried out taking into account the various deign considerations. The hoisting mechanism is designed by selection of appropriate drive unit and rope drum.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
CNG ENGINES
CNG ENGINES
ABSTRACT
There is no mistaking the fact that alternative fuel sources such as CNG, LPG, hydrogen etc. could be principal fuels powering vehicles of our future. But due to number of safety aspects that were ignored.
CNG fuel is stored in steel pressure cylinder with a carbon fibre wrap. To use CNG as a fuel, different CNG engines are used. A country can have cleaner environment with comprehensive use of CNG because they emit less nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons, while new job opportunities and economy are other benefits of using CNG.
CNG is abundantly available. It is not corrosive or toxic, also it is biologically inert and hence does not create any problem if exposed to lungs or skin. It is lighter than air so it rises up and dissipates into air.
We may never see a large percentage of CNG vehicles on the road but it is
one alternatives to help reduce vehicle emissions.
Thus CNG use can help in improving quality of life.
INTRODUCTION
Now a days "who the hell cares"are over. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has now started to take the strict decisions against pollution due to vehicles. One of the examples of this is compulsion of EURO II norms to all private vehicles .These steps have been taken with a view to arrest the increasing amount of vehicular pollution. Actually, there are many factors,
natural or otherwise that contribute to the pollutants in the air we breathe, but vehicular pollution contributes almost half of the overall pollution.
CO emission is the attraction catching point in case of petrol. This CO gas when reacts with hemoglobin in the blood, reduces its oxygen carrying capacity.
Unburned hydrocarbon emission is the main polluting element incase of diesel fuel. The soot formation is more incase of diesel. The very fine hydrocarbon particulates that can be detected go into the lungs and may cause lung cancer or other lung diseases.
On the other hand, rapid depletion of petrol and diesel complemented by their skyrocketing prices from the backdrop of today's questiondustry and hence this is the cardinal reason which leads to an intensive search of alternative fuels.
Some fuels are inherently cleaner than petrol because they emit less nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to react in the atmosphere. These fuels include alcohols, liquified petroleum gas and compressed natural gas.
Compressed Natural Gas technology is more than five decades old and it helps to substitute diesel and gasoline in vehicles. Thus CNG offers a way to get rid of several pollutants emitted by the automobiles using conventional fuels. Use of natural gas can help in reduction of CO, reactive hydrocarbons and elimination of lead and particulate emission.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
There is no mistaking the fact that alternative fuel sources such as CNG, LPG, hydrogen etc. could be principal fuels powering vehicles of our future. But due to number of safety aspects that were ignored.
CNG fuel is stored in steel pressure cylinder with a carbon fibre wrap. To use CNG as a fuel, different CNG engines are used. A country can have cleaner environment with comprehensive use of CNG because they emit less nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons, while new job opportunities and economy are other benefits of using CNG.
CNG is abundantly available. It is not corrosive or toxic, also it is biologically inert and hence does not create any problem if exposed to lungs or skin. It is lighter than air so it rises up and dissipates into air.
We may never see a large percentage of CNG vehicles on the road but it is
one alternatives to help reduce vehicle emissions.
Thus CNG use can help in improving quality of life.
INTRODUCTION
Now a days "who the hell cares"are over. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has now started to take the strict decisions against pollution due to vehicles. One of the examples of this is compulsion of EURO II norms to all private vehicles .These steps have been taken with a view to arrest the increasing amount of vehicular pollution. Actually, there are many factors,
natural or otherwise that contribute to the pollutants in the air we breathe, but vehicular pollution contributes almost half of the overall pollution.
CO emission is the attraction catching point in case of petrol. This CO gas when reacts with hemoglobin in the blood, reduces its oxygen carrying capacity.
Unburned hydrocarbon emission is the main polluting element incase of diesel fuel. The soot formation is more incase of diesel. The very fine hydrocarbon particulates that can be detected go into the lungs and may cause lung cancer or other lung diseases.
On the other hand, rapid depletion of petrol and diesel complemented by their skyrocketing prices from the backdrop of today's questiondustry and hence this is the cardinal reason which leads to an intensive search of alternative fuels.
Some fuels are inherently cleaner than petrol because they emit less nitrogen oxides or hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to react in the atmosphere. These fuels include alcohols, liquified petroleum gas and compressed natural gas.
Compressed Natural Gas technology is more than five decades old and it helps to substitute diesel and gasoline in vehicles. Thus CNG offers a way to get rid of several pollutants emitted by the automobiles using conventional fuels. Use of natural gas can help in reduction of CO, reactive hydrocarbons and elimination of lead and particulate emission.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
WATER LEAKAGES IN BUILDING PREVENTIVE MEASURES
WATER LEAKAGES IN BUILDING PREVENTIVE MEASURES
INTRODUCTION
Leakage / dampness in any type of structure is one of the major problems. If such seepage or leakage is allowed to continue unchecked, unhygienic conditions will prevail and also the building may deteriorate to the extent that ultimately it becomes uninhabitable .the seepage occurs as a result of neglected maintenance, poor design and poor quality of construction in structure.
Water is the main reason for leakage, seepage in the structures. The source of which can be from rainwater, leakage in poplins, condensation and ground water.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
Leakage / dampness in any type of structure is one of the major problems. If such seepage or leakage is allowed to continue unchecked, unhygienic conditions will prevail and also the building may deteriorate to the extent that ultimately it becomes uninhabitable .the seepage occurs as a result of neglected maintenance, poor design and poor quality of construction in structure.
Water is the main reason for leakage, seepage in the structures. The source of which can be from rainwater, leakage in poplins, condensation and ground water.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
ABSTRACT
Smart materials, which have the functions of actuator, sensor, self-healing and so forth, are expected to be used not only as advanced functional materials but also as key materials to provide structures with smart functions. Smart systems sense changes in structure variations in vibration, noise or temperature, for example process the information and then respond appropriately to automatically correct possibly detrimental problems. They tell the structure to alter its properties to prevent damage, optimize performance, correct malfunctions or alert users to a needed repair.
Smart materials technology applies to a huge range of products including buildings, bridges, computers, cameras, aircraft, even skis. Think about the way in which excessive vibration in a machine on the shop floor may result in overheating, or parts that don't meet the manufacturer's specifications. Then, imagine the problems that could occur if a similar situation happened on an aircraft and you begin to understand the scope and value of smart material applications.
The best way to understand the smart material concept is to look at its uses. Smart materials may work completely on their own or as part of a larger smart system. For example, doctors may use shape memory alloy staples used to set broken bones. In this case, the material works as both a sensor and an actuator as the patient's body heat activate the staple to close and thereby clamp the break together. This report deals with the available smart materials, their properties and some of their areas of application and future prospects.
"In the next decade, the most significant impact on product manufacturing will be smart systems"
Introduction
In this chapter, we take an overview of the definitions of smart structures, their areas of research and the barriers to the technology proliferation. In the design of aerospace, automotive, civil and several other systems, new technologies are being introduced to create high-performance structures that are light, energy efficient and autonomous. A new class of structures known as “Smart Structures” has emerged that aims at meeting the above mentioned properties. Smart structures derive their inspiration from the natural systems in that they possess the capabilities of serving the ambient conditions, processing the data and actively responding to the structures. These characteristics are applied to the otherwise “passive” structures by embedding
“smart materials” that possess these properties along with the control systems that processes the data.
In the years to come, the roles of the Canadian Forces will continue to be to defend the country and its vital interests, and to participate actively in peacekeeping and peace restoration missions. To carry out these tasks in an appropriate and effective way, the Forces must keep abreast of technological advances and needs if they are to adopt and bring into service the best available ones. Moreover, effective collaboration with our allies, especially the Americans, will clearly demand the best in equipment and training.
Last year, the Defense Research and Development Branch of DND published a document explaining the policies, opportunities and desired outcomes for the near future. ‘Smart materials’ and ‘smart structures’ are listed among the technological opportunities and the proposed Research and Development (R&D) activities of the future defense program. The race is on to explore, develop and exploit the newest products of smart technology, and this is needed to keep our Forces competitive with potential adversaries.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Smart materials, which have the functions of actuator, sensor, self-healing and so forth, are expected to be used not only as advanced functional materials but also as key materials to provide structures with smart functions. Smart systems sense changes in structure variations in vibration, noise or temperature, for example process the information and then respond appropriately to automatically correct possibly detrimental problems. They tell the structure to alter its properties to prevent damage, optimize performance, correct malfunctions or alert users to a needed repair.
Smart materials technology applies to a huge range of products including buildings, bridges, computers, cameras, aircraft, even skis. Think about the way in which excessive vibration in a machine on the shop floor may result in overheating, or parts that don't meet the manufacturer's specifications. Then, imagine the problems that could occur if a similar situation happened on an aircraft and you begin to understand the scope and value of smart material applications.
The best way to understand the smart material concept is to look at its uses. Smart materials may work completely on their own or as part of a larger smart system. For example, doctors may use shape memory alloy staples used to set broken bones. In this case, the material works as both a sensor and an actuator as the patient's body heat activate the staple to close and thereby clamp the break together. This report deals with the available smart materials, their properties and some of their areas of application and future prospects.
"In the next decade, the most significant impact on product manufacturing will be smart systems"
Introduction
In this chapter, we take an overview of the definitions of smart structures, their areas of research and the barriers to the technology proliferation. In the design of aerospace, automotive, civil and several other systems, new technologies are being introduced to create high-performance structures that are light, energy efficient and autonomous. A new class of structures known as “Smart Structures” has emerged that aims at meeting the above mentioned properties. Smart structures derive their inspiration from the natural systems in that they possess the capabilities of serving the ambient conditions, processing the data and actively responding to the structures. These characteristics are applied to the otherwise “passive” structures by embedding
“smart materials” that possess these properties along with the control systems that processes the data.
In the years to come, the roles of the Canadian Forces will continue to be to defend the country and its vital interests, and to participate actively in peacekeeping and peace restoration missions. To carry out these tasks in an appropriate and effective way, the Forces must keep abreast of technological advances and needs if they are to adopt and bring into service the best available ones. Moreover, effective collaboration with our allies, especially the Americans, will clearly demand the best in equipment and training.
Last year, the Defense Research and Development Branch of DND published a document explaining the policies, opportunities and desired outcomes for the near future. ‘Smart materials’ and ‘smart structures’ are listed among the technological opportunities and the proposed Research and Development (R&D) activities of the future defense program. The race is on to explore, develop and exploit the newest products of smart technology, and this is needed to keep our Forces competitive with potential adversaries.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
RIVER LINKING
RIVER LINKING
ABSTRACT
Our country is full of natural elements, many things can provide our country strength so that we can emerge as a fully developed country .Our country has many natural resources which are yet to be utilized efficiently and one of these natural resources are our revers.There are many revers in our country in different states and these revers can provide us sufficient amount of water which are necessary for us .
We can see that in some states there arises the problem of shortage of drinking water and in many villages and even in some cities water shortage problem come infront of us.In this areas we need to provide necessary amount of water but due to unavailability of sufficient sources we are not able to overcome these problem .So we need to make some solution for these areas where water shortage is a big problem.And we are proposing this idea so that we can associate to overcome the problems of shortage of water requirement.
INTRODUCTION
In India the large water and land resources are available but the per capital availability is below the world average. Also the distribution of water is uneven in the different areas of the country. Some of the areas of the country are affected by the droughts and some are affected by floods.
The available water is much more but because of uneven precipitation in the different areas it creates droughts and floods in different areas and it may create more problems in the future also.
To overcome this problem the river joining is the one possible option which may help in achieving the more equitable distribution of the water wealth.
The suggestions for such projects will be given by different experts day by day, and the different design parameters for its economical development.
However, there are varied opinions among the people and also in the states and they are also raising the issues. So, while designing this scheme the views of the peoples and government of India has also is to be considered and discussion should lead to an amicable solution.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Our country is full of natural elements, many things can provide our country strength so that we can emerge as a fully developed country .Our country has many natural resources which are yet to be utilized efficiently and one of these natural resources are our revers.There are many revers in our country in different states and these revers can provide us sufficient amount of water which are necessary for us .
We can see that in some states there arises the problem of shortage of drinking water and in many villages and even in some cities water shortage problem come infront of us.In this areas we need to provide necessary amount of water but due to unavailability of sufficient sources we are not able to overcome these problem .So we need to make some solution for these areas where water shortage is a big problem.And we are proposing this idea so that we can associate to overcome the problems of shortage of water requirement.
INTRODUCTION
In India the large water and land resources are available but the per capital availability is below the world average. Also the distribution of water is uneven in the different areas of the country. Some of the areas of the country are affected by the droughts and some are affected by floods.
The available water is much more but because of uneven precipitation in the different areas it creates droughts and floods in different areas and it may create more problems in the future also.
To overcome this problem the river joining is the one possible option which may help in achieving the more equitable distribution of the water wealth.
The suggestions for such projects will be given by different experts day by day, and the different design parameters for its economical development.
However, there are varied opinions among the people and also in the states and they are also raising the issues. So, while designing this scheme the views of the peoples and government of India has also is to be considered and discussion should lead to an amicable solution.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
GLOBAL WARMING (GREEN HOUSE EFFECT)
GLOBAL WARMING (GREEN HOUSE EFFECT)
INTRODUCTION
Actually the grin house effect is natural assurance that maintains earth’s average temperature at approximately 60 degree Fahrenheit. The green house effect is necessary phenomenon that keeps all earth’s heat from escaping to the outer atmosphere. Without natural green house effect it is certain that we would all be lost. Temperature on earth would be much lower than they are now, and the existence of life on the planet would not be possible. The global average temperature would drop precipitously 33 degrees from its current 15degree to –18degree-celcius.the earth would become an ice planet.
The earth’s atmosphere, a thin blanket of gases, protects the planet from the harshest of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation .the atmosphere, by trapping the earth'’ warmth, keep rivers and oceans from freezing.
However, too many greenhouse gases in earth’s atmosphere could increase the green house effect. This could result in an increase in mean global temperature as well as changes in precipitation patterns.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
The term green house effect was first coined by J.fourier in 1827. The effect is also called as “atmospheric effect”, “global warming” or “carbondioxide problem”.
In cold countries green houses are built. The transparent wall and roof of green house are such that these allow the visible sunlight to enter and prevent the long wave- infrared radiation’s to go out. Subsequently the walls and roof re-emit absorbed radiations into the house. Such green houses are built for plants in cold countries.
Thus a green house is that body which allows a short wavelength solar radiation to come in but not allowed the longwave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to escape.
In similar way, the earth’s atmosphere bottles up the energy of the sun, and is said to act like a “green house”, where co2 acts like glass windows. Co2 and water vapor in the atmosphere transmits short wavelength solar radiation but reflect the longer wavelength heat radiation from the warmed surface of the earth. Co2 molecules are transparent to sunlight but not to the heat radiation. So they trap and re-enforce the solar heat stimulating an effect, which is popularly known as green house effect.
The green house effect may be therefore defined as “the progressive warming up of earth surface due to blanketing effect of manmade co2 in the atmosphere”.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
Actually the grin house effect is natural assurance that maintains earth’s average temperature at approximately 60 degree Fahrenheit. The green house effect is necessary phenomenon that keeps all earth’s heat from escaping to the outer atmosphere. Without natural green house effect it is certain that we would all be lost. Temperature on earth would be much lower than they are now, and the existence of life on the planet would not be possible. The global average temperature would drop precipitously 33 degrees from its current 15degree to –18degree-celcius.the earth would become an ice planet.
The earth’s atmosphere, a thin blanket of gases, protects the planet from the harshest of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation .the atmosphere, by trapping the earth'’ warmth, keep rivers and oceans from freezing.
However, too many greenhouse gases in earth’s atmosphere could increase the green house effect. This could result in an increase in mean global temperature as well as changes in precipitation patterns.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
The term green house effect was first coined by J.fourier in 1827. The effect is also called as “atmospheric effect”, “global warming” or “carbondioxide problem”.
In cold countries green houses are built. The transparent wall and roof of green house are such that these allow the visible sunlight to enter and prevent the long wave- infrared radiation’s to go out. Subsequently the walls and roof re-emit absorbed radiations into the house. Such green houses are built for plants in cold countries.
Thus a green house is that body which allows a short wavelength solar radiation to come in but not allowed the longwave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to escape.
In similar way, the earth’s atmosphere bottles up the energy of the sun, and is said to act like a “green house”, where co2 acts like glass windows. Co2 and water vapor in the atmosphere transmits short wavelength solar radiation but reflect the longer wavelength heat radiation from the warmed surface of the earth. Co2 molecules are transparent to sunlight but not to the heat radiation. So they trap and re-enforce the solar heat stimulating an effect, which is popularly known as green house effect.
The green house effect may be therefore defined as “the progressive warming up of earth surface due to blanketing effect of manmade co2 in the atmosphere”.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
ABSTRACT:-
In modern scenario, CFD is a major tool for analyzing virtual reality of actual model. In olden days, the actual prototype was developed and tested as example like wind tunnel model testing. The new FEA softwares, CAD made it easy in getting actual results with the help of CFD for aerospace & missile technology etc. the previous method for developing the actual prototype was more costlier and time consuming. This problem is eliminate with CFD softwares. This is a tool which is taking more importance in all the fields not only in industries but also bio-medicine fields.
In this paper a study report on CFD is discussed to give significance of it.
INTRODUCTION
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is predicting what will happen, quantitatively, when fluid flows, often with complications of:
* Simultaneous flow of heat
* Mass transfer (e.g. perspiration, dissolution)
* Phase change (e.g. melting, freezing, boiling)
* Chemical reaction (e.g. combustion, rusting)
* Mechanical movement (e.g. of pistons, fans, rudders)
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT:-
In modern scenario, CFD is a major tool for analyzing virtual reality of actual model. In olden days, the actual prototype was developed and tested as example like wind tunnel model testing. The new FEA softwares, CAD made it easy in getting actual results with the help of CFD for aerospace & missile technology etc. the previous method for developing the actual prototype was more costlier and time consuming. This problem is eliminate with CFD softwares. This is a tool which is taking more importance in all the fields not only in industries but also bio-medicine fields.
In this paper a study report on CFD is discussed to give significance of it.
INTRODUCTION
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is predicting what will happen, quantitatively, when fluid flows, often with complications of:
* Simultaneous flow of heat
* Mass transfer (e.g. perspiration, dissolution)
* Phase change (e.g. melting, freezing, boiling)
* Chemical reaction (e.g. combustion, rusting)
* Mechanical movement (e.g. of pistons, fans, rudders)
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
CARBON NANO TUBES-THE GOOD OF SMALL THINGS
CARBON NANO TUBES-THE GOOD OF SMALL THINGS
ABSTRACT:
Stone age,bronze age,iron age,silicon age and what next?Neverthless to say we are well into the nanotech age,where materials are getting smarter day by day.Nanotechnology is a result of intersection of diverse fields such as physics,biology,engg,chemistry and computer science to name a few.The term “NANOTECHNOLOGY”was first coined byK.Eric Drexler in 1986. In fact, with the ability to build things atom-by-atom and molecule-by-molecule called Nanostructuring is expected to bring about innovative devices based on molecular/cluster manufacturing-“ Nano machines, Nano tubes,Nano robots” are some of them.
IMAGINE a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread. Today's supercomputer could become tomorrow's wrist watch . Buildings and machines could signal when they need maintenance, and perhaps repair themselves. Our clothing could monitor our health and alert us to environmental hazards. These are few revolutionary applications of nanotechnology--the looming technological breakthrough that could transform every aspect of our society.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT:
Stone age,bronze age,iron age,silicon age and what next?Neverthless to say we are well into the nanotech age,where materials are getting smarter day by day.Nanotechnology is a result of intersection of diverse fields such as physics,biology,engg,chemistry and computer science to name a few.The term “NANOTECHNOLOGY”was first coined byK.Eric Drexler in 1986. In fact, with the ability to build things atom-by-atom and molecule-by-molecule called Nanostructuring is expected to bring about innovative devices based on molecular/cluster manufacturing-“ Nano machines, Nano tubes,Nano robots” are some of them.
IMAGINE a medical device that travels through the human body to seek out and destroy small clusters of cancerous cells before they can spread. Today's supercomputer could become tomorrow's wrist watch . Buildings and machines could signal when they need maintenance, and perhaps repair themselves. Our clothing could monitor our health and alert us to environmental hazards. These are few revolutionary applications of nanotechnology--the looming technological breakthrough that could transform every aspect of our society.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
BUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINEERING (BPR)
BUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINEERING (BPR)
ABSTRACT
Business process re-engineering (BPR) is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvement in critical contemporary measurers of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed. BPR plays vital role where the business is young and growing. BPR helps in focusing on end customer by providing competitive advantages to the enterprise.
The various companies are implementing BPR technique and one of them is the Nagpur unit of Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors, has observed dramatic results. Some of them are ;drastic reduction in work in process cost ,near about two times increase in productivity ,the inventory levels reduced to 12 days from 21 days ,the lead time reduces to 30 % ,scrap material reduces to a large extent etc.
BPR becomes more effective than TQM, JIT, Kaizen when the improvements must be fast and time factor is limited. But the difficult part of BPR is getting and maintaining the management commitment and to have participation of union, by increasing transparency and taking out the feeling of conspiration from the workforce, BPR can be a boon to the industry.
INTRODUCTION
In today's world of competition 'change' is the keyword .In industries where changes are going on at alarming speed ,it is needed to switch over from rigid ,heretical business style to quick, responding and flexible manufacturing .
Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvement in critical contemporary measures of performance such as cost ,quality, service and speed. BPR is boon to those industries where the business is young and slow. BPR is required to take quantum leaps in productivity to take competitive advantage . Mahindra and Mahindra has successfully taken the advantages by implementing BPR in its Nagpur tractor division.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Business process re-engineering (BPR) is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvement in critical contemporary measurers of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed. BPR plays vital role where the business is young and growing. BPR helps in focusing on end customer by providing competitive advantages to the enterprise.
The various companies are implementing BPR technique and one of them is the Nagpur unit of Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors, has observed dramatic results. Some of them are ;drastic reduction in work in process cost ,near about two times increase in productivity ,the inventory levels reduced to 12 days from 21 days ,the lead time reduces to 30 % ,scrap material reduces to a large extent etc.
BPR becomes more effective than TQM, JIT, Kaizen when the improvements must be fast and time factor is limited. But the difficult part of BPR is getting and maintaining the management commitment and to have participation of union, by increasing transparency and taking out the feeling of conspiration from the workforce, BPR can be a boon to the industry.
INTRODUCTION
In today's world of competition 'change' is the keyword .In industries where changes are going on at alarming speed ,it is needed to switch over from rigid ,heretical business style to quick, responding and flexible manufacturing .
Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvement in critical contemporary measures of performance such as cost ,quality, service and speed. BPR is boon to those industries where the business is young and slow. BPR is required to take quantum leaps in productivity to take competitive advantage . Mahindra and Mahindra has successfully taken the advantages by implementing BPR in its Nagpur tractor division.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
BURNISHING
BURNISHING
ABSTRACT
Burnishing process is one of the fine finishing operation. It involves plastic deformation of surface layer to enhance the surface integrity and function utility of a component. Burnishing can perform either with ball or roller.
Burnishing process is classified into two categories, based on deformation elements and based on motion of the tool, namely ball burnishing, roller burnishing, impact burnishing, vibratory burnishing, ultrasonic burnishing and normal burnishing.
To obtain the best surface finish, the optimal principle process parameters must be ascertained. The burnishing force is the main process parameter other process parameters are feed rate ball material and diameter.
This seminar report deals with various types of tools, its constructions and working principles, speed and feed rate charts, surface finish and stock allowance charts, advantages and disadvantages of process, its application in mechanical fields.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Burnishing process is one of the fine finishing operation. It involves plastic deformation of surface layer to enhance the surface integrity and function utility of a component. Burnishing can perform either with ball or roller.
Burnishing process is classified into two categories, based on deformation elements and based on motion of the tool, namely ball burnishing, roller burnishing, impact burnishing, vibratory burnishing, ultrasonic burnishing and normal burnishing.
To obtain the best surface finish, the optimal principle process parameters must be ascertained. The burnishing force is the main process parameter other process parameters are feed rate ball material and diameter.
This seminar report deals with various types of tools, its constructions and working principles, speed and feed rate charts, surface finish and stock allowance charts, advantages and disadvantages of process, its application in mechanical fields.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
A CASE OF SUCCESSFUL FAILURE BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING
A CASE OF SUCCESSFUL FAILURE BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING
ABSTRACT
Recent surveys show that business process re-engineering (BPR) has had widespread adoption in western countries This has been motivated by case studies where drastic improvements in quality,productivity, cost reduction and competitiveness have been reported. On the basis that we can learn more from our failures than our successes, let’s look at a case study of failed investments. The rate of failure in reengineering attempts, though, has been reported to be equally high. It is estimated that over 70 percent of all re-engineering attempts fail to produce bottom-line improvements. This paper describes one such failed attempt in a large public organization in Brazil. As a result of the re-engineering attempt , the organization had its IT infrastructure significantly improved, and the access to IT was decentralized by the downsizing of computer applications from a mainframe to a local area network. On the other hand, no radical changes in the organization’s business processes had resulted, despite the US$ 8 million invested in the BPR attempt. Moreover, even though some processes had been automated, almost no staff reduction was effected. The lack of layoffs meant that even the increase in efficiency in those processes, which by no means was radical,was not realized.
INTRODUCTION
Process-focused change has been the basis of several widely reported cases of organizational development projects, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s with the total quality management and reengineering movements. This is not the case of re-engineering, which still seems to be seen with reserve by public sector leaders. Re-engineering, according to a survey in Champy (1995) has had widespread adoption in the private sector. Approximately 70 per cent of all private businesses in US and Europe have run, or are running, re-engineering projects. The same survey suggests that the failure rate of re-engineering attempts has been equally high - over 70 per cent. A discussion, following that survey, suggests that much of that failure has been motivated by a lack of change in management paradigms, which should accompany the radical changes in the business processes. Archer and Bowker's (1995) survey with consulting companies specialized in re-engineering indicates some other failure factors, such as lack of communication of a clear vision of the project, lack of staff participation and ownership, lack of involvement from staff at different levels, failure to instil a re-engineering culture, and lack of project organization and planning. In this paper we describe a failed attempt to re-engineer a public organization. Our analysis of the case suggests that re-engineering's failure rate is likely to be even higher in the public sector, than it is in the private sector. Some of the reasons are related to factors, which re-engineering groups may not be able to control, and that are characteristic of public organizations.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Recent surveys show that business process re-engineering (BPR) has had widespread adoption in western countries This has been motivated by case studies where drastic improvements in quality,productivity, cost reduction and competitiveness have been reported. On the basis that we can learn more from our failures than our successes, let’s look at a case study of failed investments. The rate of failure in reengineering attempts, though, has been reported to be equally high. It is estimated that over 70 percent of all re-engineering attempts fail to produce bottom-line improvements. This paper describes one such failed attempt in a large public organization in Brazil. As a result of the re-engineering attempt , the organization had its IT infrastructure significantly improved, and the access to IT was decentralized by the downsizing of computer applications from a mainframe to a local area network. On the other hand, no radical changes in the organization’s business processes had resulted, despite the US$ 8 million invested in the BPR attempt. Moreover, even though some processes had been automated, almost no staff reduction was effected. The lack of layoffs meant that even the increase in efficiency in those processes, which by no means was radical,was not realized.
INTRODUCTION
Process-focused change has been the basis of several widely reported cases of organizational development projects, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s with the total quality management and reengineering movements. This is not the case of re-engineering, which still seems to be seen with reserve by public sector leaders. Re-engineering, according to a survey in Champy (1995) has had widespread adoption in the private sector. Approximately 70 per cent of all private businesses in US and Europe have run, or are running, re-engineering projects. The same survey suggests that the failure rate of re-engineering attempts has been equally high - over 70 per cent. A discussion, following that survey, suggests that much of that failure has been motivated by a lack of change in management paradigms, which should accompany the radical changes in the business processes. Archer and Bowker's (1995) survey with consulting companies specialized in re-engineering indicates some other failure factors, such as lack of communication of a clear vision of the project, lack of staff participation and ownership, lack of involvement from staff at different levels, failure to instil a re-engineering culture, and lack of project organization and planning. In this paper we describe a failed attempt to re-engineer a public organization. Our analysis of the case suggests that re-engineering's failure rate is likely to be even higher in the public sector, than it is in the private sector. Some of the reasons are related to factors, which re-engineering groups may not be able to control, and that are characteristic of public organizations.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE
TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE
ABSTRACT
This report is on ‘TPM’ i.e. total productive maintenance. It means productive maintenance implemented by all employees i.e. involvement of everyone in the organization, so that company get increase in utilization of equipment (overall equipment effectiveness), increase in production and reducing in manufacturing costs of the product. Again company can bring machine breakdown to zero besides reduced maintenance cost and also achieves zero accidents through efficient material flow.
INTRODUCTION
Machine building and other service facilities are subjected to deterioration due to their use and exposure to environmental condition, hence proper attention should be given to protect them.
So the main object of maintenance staff in any industry is to keep the plant equipment and other service facilities in an efficient operating condition. Also another object is increase the profitability by minimizing the maintenance cost or by preparing a safety.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
This report is on ‘TPM’ i.e. total productive maintenance. It means productive maintenance implemented by all employees i.e. involvement of everyone in the organization, so that company get increase in utilization of equipment (overall equipment effectiveness), increase in production and reducing in manufacturing costs of the product. Again company can bring machine breakdown to zero besides reduced maintenance cost and also achieves zero accidents through efficient material flow.
INTRODUCTION
Machine building and other service facilities are subjected to deterioration due to their use and exposure to environmental condition, hence proper attention should be given to protect them.
So the main object of maintenance staff in any industry is to keep the plant equipment and other service facilities in an efficient operating condition. Also another object is increase the profitability by minimizing the maintenance cost or by preparing a safety.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
BIOMETRICS The security of tommorrow unwinds today
BIOMETRICS The security of tommorrow unwinds today
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMETRICS:
Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics. This method of identification is preferred over traditional methods involving passwords and PIN numbers for various reasons:
(i) The person to be identified is required to be physically present at the point-of-identification;
(ii) Identification based on biometric techniques obviates the need to remember a password or carry a token.
With the increased use of computers as vehicles of information technology, it is necessary to restrict access to sensitive/personal data. By replacing PINs, biometric techniques can potentially prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks. PINs and passwords may be forgotten, and token based methods of identification may be forged, stolen, or lost. Thus biometric based systems of identification are receiving considerable interest for personal as well as data safety. Biometric systems involves, face, iris and fingerprint matching for real-time identification.
Thus looking at the above matter one may be eager to know as what BIOMETRICS is and how is it safer than the safest ?
Therefore we under this presentation are covering the topics of:
(i) finger print identification
(ii) face identification
(iii) iris identification
(iv) voice recognition
as an integrated part of BIOMETRICS for your security.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMETRICS:
Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics. This method of identification is preferred over traditional methods involving passwords and PIN numbers for various reasons:
(i) The person to be identified is required to be physically present at the point-of-identification;
(ii) Identification based on biometric techniques obviates the need to remember a password or carry a token.
With the increased use of computers as vehicles of information technology, it is necessary to restrict access to sensitive/personal data. By replacing PINs, biometric techniques can potentially prevent unauthorized access to or fraudulent use of ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks. PINs and passwords may be forgotten, and token based methods of identification may be forged, stolen, or lost. Thus biometric based systems of identification are receiving considerable interest for personal as well as data safety. Biometric systems involves, face, iris and fingerprint matching for real-time identification.
Thus looking at the above matter one may be eager to know as what BIOMETRICS is and how is it safer than the safest ?
Therefore we under this presentation are covering the topics of:
(i) finger print identification
(ii) face identification
(iii) iris identification
(iv) voice recognition
as an integrated part of BIOMETRICS for your security.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Bio-Gas as Alternate Fuel in IC Engine
Bio-Gas as Alternate Fuel in IC Engine
INTRODUCTION
Relevance :-
The economic of India depends to a large extent on the wheels of transport. The specter of economy ruin due to depleted oil reserves has changed the interest of scientist and research work towards alternative fuels for motor vehicle. Viable substitute for motor spirit are gaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas, alcohol & electricity that run on hydrocarbon gas & electricity are still in the experimental stage. While alcohol is used as a fuel chiefly in Brazil, it’s feasibility as motor fuel depends on the successful cultivation & processing of sugarcane. Gaseous hydrocarbons seem to be the best immediate option presently available. These are mainly COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) & LIQUIFIED PETROLIUM GAS (LPG). LPG is being imported whereas CNG is available in abundance in India. Till recently, technology to permit conversion of vehicles from petrol burners to gas burners had to imported, but now due to the pioneering efforts of departments of mechanical engineering at the INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI.
India is largest cattle breeding country, there is abundance of raw material for producing biogas. Also municipal sewage can be used for this purpose.
The use of methane separated from biogas as a fuel will substantially reduce harmful engine emission and will help to keep the environment clean. Biogas consists of approximately 55-60 % of methane. It is economical and slurry can be used as organic manure.
One of the alternate technologies Sulabh propagates is the biogas plant that utilises human excreta as its raw input. In the last 20 years, it has setup a hundred such plants throughout India. The plants’ twin outputs, similar to those of cattle biogas plants, are nutrient-rich sludge and methane-rich biogas. The sludge is used primarily as manure, and the biogas either as cooking fuel or as street-lighting gas.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
Relevance :-
The economic of India depends to a large extent on the wheels of transport. The specter of economy ruin due to depleted oil reserves has changed the interest of scientist and research work towards alternative fuels for motor vehicle. Viable substitute for motor spirit are gaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas, alcohol & electricity that run on hydrocarbon gas & electricity are still in the experimental stage. While alcohol is used as a fuel chiefly in Brazil, it’s feasibility as motor fuel depends on the successful cultivation & processing of sugarcane. Gaseous hydrocarbons seem to be the best immediate option presently available. These are mainly COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) & LIQUIFIED PETROLIUM GAS (LPG). LPG is being imported whereas CNG is available in abundance in India. Till recently, technology to permit conversion of vehicles from petrol burners to gas burners had to imported, but now due to the pioneering efforts of departments of mechanical engineering at the INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI.
India is largest cattle breeding country, there is abundance of raw material for producing biogas. Also municipal sewage can be used for this purpose.
The use of methane separated from biogas as a fuel will substantially reduce harmful engine emission and will help to keep the environment clean. Biogas consists of approximately 55-60 % of methane. It is economical and slurry can be used as organic manure.
One of the alternate technologies Sulabh propagates is the biogas plant that utilises human excreta as its raw input. In the last 20 years, it has setup a hundred such plants throughout India. The plants’ twin outputs, similar to those of cattle biogas plants, are nutrient-rich sludge and methane-rich biogas. The sludge is used primarily as manure, and the biogas either as cooking fuel or as street-lighting gas.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Sunday, March 27, 2011
ALTERNATIVE FUEL – JATROPHA
ALTERNATIVE FUEL – JATROPHA
ABSTRACT
Exponential growth of automotive vehicle population and fast depletion of petroleum products has necessiated research on ALTERNATIVE FUELS. At current rate of consumption, petroproducts will become extinct in less than 60 years. Among the numerous alternatives, vegetable fuels stand as viable alternative owing to the fact their physical and combustion properties are very close to those of diesel fuels. Direct usage of untreated vegetable oil leads to certain problems. Instead, Methyl or Ethyl Ester of vegetable oil obtained by transesterfication can be used. Bioediesel is renewable, biodegradable and has low sulphur content. Switching over to biodiesel not only generates self-employment, but also reduces pollution of MOTHER planet. Boiodiesel has steadily emerged from trial productions in backyard type pilot plans to full industrial type of production and marketing with wide and increasing acceptance by diesel vehicle industry. Use of untreated and esterified JATROPHA oil, one among the post of vegetable oils, in DI type diesel engines, has found to yield satisfactory results. Performance has improved with esterification and engine does not require any modification.
Our paper contains the introduction about JATROPHA and its physical and chemical properties. Due to different chemical properties, especially the high ignition point and high viscosity, plant oil show completely different combustion characteristics compound to fossil fuels.
It also contains the advantages of future scope of this fuel. And the results of the test conducted by RCAC (Rural Community Action Center, Tamilnadu) aress included here.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Exponential growth of automotive vehicle population and fast depletion of petroleum products has necessiated research on ALTERNATIVE FUELS. At current rate of consumption, petroproducts will become extinct in less than 60 years. Among the numerous alternatives, vegetable fuels stand as viable alternative owing to the fact their physical and combustion properties are very close to those of diesel fuels. Direct usage of untreated vegetable oil leads to certain problems. Instead, Methyl or Ethyl Ester of vegetable oil obtained by transesterfication can be used. Bioediesel is renewable, biodegradable and has low sulphur content. Switching over to biodiesel not only generates self-employment, but also reduces pollution of MOTHER planet. Boiodiesel has steadily emerged from trial productions in backyard type pilot plans to full industrial type of production and marketing with wide and increasing acceptance by diesel vehicle industry. Use of untreated and esterified JATROPHA oil, one among the post of vegetable oils, in DI type diesel engines, has found to yield satisfactory results. Performance has improved with esterification and engine does not require any modification.
Our paper contains the introduction about JATROPHA and its physical and chemical properties. Due to different chemical properties, especially the high ignition point and high viscosity, plant oil show completely different combustion characteristics compound to fossil fuels.
It also contains the advantages of future scope of this fuel. And the results of the test conducted by RCAC (Rural Community Action Center, Tamilnadu) aress included here.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Adaptive Multi-level Explicit Congestion
Adaptive Multi-level Explicit Congestion
Abstract
In this paper we present to you, an extended Multi-level ECN, a new TCP congestion scheme, a concept proposed by Mukundan Sridharan, Arjan Durresi and Raj Jain of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Multi-level Explicit Congestion Notification (MECN) algorithm allows network operators to achieve high throughput with corresponding low delays. But MECN average queue, is sensitive to its parameter settings and its level of congestion, hence no guarantees can be given about delay. Delay being a major component of the quality of service, network operators would naturally like to have a rough estimate of the average delays in their congested routers. To achieve predictable average delays with MECN would require constant tuning of the parameters to adjust to current traffic conditions. The goal of this paper is to present a solution to the parameter tuning problem of the MECN. We compare the performance of the Adaptive MECN system with the Adaptive RED system using simulations on the NS-2 simulator. Based on simulations we find that Adaptive MECN performs better than Adaptive RED.
INTRODUCTION
End-to-end congestion control schemes continue to be one of the main determinants of the robustness of the Internet. Congestion remains the main obstacle to Quality of Service (QoS) on the Internet. Although a number of schemes have been proposed for network congestion control, the search for new schemes continues. [5] gives a survey of different congestion control schemes. But the winner for the time being seems to be RED/ECN class of algorithms. ECN was made a standard by the IETF in 2001 [6]. Hence it becomes imperative that the possibilities of utilizing the ECN framework to the fullest are explored. [1] proposed a new scheme called the Multi-level Explicit Congestion Notification (MECN), which works with the frame work of ECN, but uses the two bits allocated for ECN, in the IP to indicate four different levels of congestion, to the source. But just like RED [7], MECN's average queue is also sensitive to parameter settings and the level of congestion. This average queuing delay is a very important for QoS applications. So setting the parameters of MECN is very important and to maintain a constant delay at the routers is a must, to give any QoS guarantees to the end users. In this paper a proposal is placed for an Adaptive version of MECN, which sets its parameters automatically and adapts its maximum marking probability to main a constant queuing delay. We compare the performance of AMECN, with ARED and MECN and show that it performs better than the other schemes. In Section II, we give a brief introduction to the MECN protocol. In Section III, we present to you the concept of Wireless MCN (WMCN). In Section IV, we introduce the Adaptive Multilevel ECN protocol and site some guidelines on setting the parameters. In Section V, we present the conclusions.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Abstract
In this paper we present to you, an extended Multi-level ECN, a new TCP congestion scheme, a concept proposed by Mukundan Sridharan, Arjan Durresi and Raj Jain of The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The Multi-level Explicit Congestion Notification (MECN) algorithm allows network operators to achieve high throughput with corresponding low delays. But MECN average queue, is sensitive to its parameter settings and its level of congestion, hence no guarantees can be given about delay. Delay being a major component of the quality of service, network operators would naturally like to have a rough estimate of the average delays in their congested routers. To achieve predictable average delays with MECN would require constant tuning of the parameters to adjust to current traffic conditions. The goal of this paper is to present a solution to the parameter tuning problem of the MECN. We compare the performance of the Adaptive MECN system with the Adaptive RED system using simulations on the NS-2 simulator. Based on simulations we find that Adaptive MECN performs better than Adaptive RED.
INTRODUCTION
End-to-end congestion control schemes continue to be one of the main determinants of the robustness of the Internet. Congestion remains the main obstacle to Quality of Service (QoS) on the Internet. Although a number of schemes have been proposed for network congestion control, the search for new schemes continues. [5] gives a survey of different congestion control schemes. But the winner for the time being seems to be RED/ECN class of algorithms. ECN was made a standard by the IETF in 2001 [6]. Hence it becomes imperative that the possibilities of utilizing the ECN framework to the fullest are explored. [1] proposed a new scheme called the Multi-level Explicit Congestion Notification (MECN), which works with the frame work of ECN, but uses the two bits allocated for ECN, in the IP to indicate four different levels of congestion, to the source. But just like RED [7], MECN's average queue is also sensitive to parameter settings and the level of congestion. This average queuing delay is a very important for QoS applications. So setting the parameters of MECN is very important and to maintain a constant delay at the routers is a must, to give any QoS guarantees to the end users. In this paper a proposal is placed for an Adaptive version of MECN, which sets its parameters automatically and adapts its maximum marking probability to main a constant queuing delay. We compare the performance of AMECN, with ARED and MECN and show that it performs better than the other schemes. In Section II, we give a brief introduction to the MECN protocol. In Section III, we present to you the concept of Wireless MCN (WMCN). In Section IV, we introduce the Adaptive Multilevel ECN protocol and site some guidelines on setting the parameters. In Section V, we present the conclusions.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
WEAR OF GRINDING WHEELS – SOFTWARE FOR THEIR SELECTION
WEAR OF GRINDING WHEELS – SOFTWARE FOR THEIR SELECTION
ABSTRACT
An existing model of the grinding process has been upgraded to predict grinding wheel wear as G ratios. It has been successfully benchmarked against experimental results for several combinations of coolant wheel and workpiece. As a Windows-based application, it offers a rapid and versatile way of assessing the performance of grinding wheels and processes in a realistic way. For the best results, it should be benchmarked before use against appropriate experimental results.
KEYWORDS : Grinding; Software; Wear
INTRODUCTION
The key to a successful grinding process is the selection of the right wheel for the job. It must be able to provide the finish and accuracy required, and it should also wear enough to keep sharp, but not enough to lose its form and to grind unstably. Selection is normally empirical, and whilst this often works, it can throw up unexpected results, which may degrade the accuracy and integrity of the workpiece. A more scientific selection method would clearly be an advantage, but has been hard to develop because of the complex interactions which determine grinding performance.
A recent paper [1] is something of a breakthrough in this respect. A model is developed which is robust enough to predict grinding forces, workpiece temperature, and roughness from basic grinding data: machine settings, wheel and coolant specifications, dressing technique and workpiece properties. It is built around an advanced model of abrasive mechanics [2,3], and makes use of recent analysis of heat transfer effects in grinding [4] to calculate temperatures.
To calculate the effect of dressing on wheel topography. the model makes use of published data on the mechanical strength of vitreous bonds and abrasive grits, and data on the statistical variation of this strength. [5-7]. This allows the prediction of fracture pattern of the wheel as it is dressed, to which its topography, and sharpness, are directly related.
Application of the same methods to the interaction of the wheel with the workpiece as it grinds should allow the wear rate of the wheel to be calculated. In what follows, a method for doing this is described. Combined with the force prediction model already developed, grinding ratios can be calculated for a variety of grinding processes for which measurements have been published allowing validation of the calculations. The resulting algorithms are incorporated into a windows based application [8] which allows all the above parameters to be displayed as a function of metal removal rate.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
An existing model of the grinding process has been upgraded to predict grinding wheel wear as G ratios. It has been successfully benchmarked against experimental results for several combinations of coolant wheel and workpiece. As a Windows-based application, it offers a rapid and versatile way of assessing the performance of grinding wheels and processes in a realistic way. For the best results, it should be benchmarked before use against appropriate experimental results.
KEYWORDS : Grinding; Software; Wear
INTRODUCTION
The key to a successful grinding process is the selection of the right wheel for the job. It must be able to provide the finish and accuracy required, and it should also wear enough to keep sharp, but not enough to lose its form and to grind unstably. Selection is normally empirical, and whilst this often works, it can throw up unexpected results, which may degrade the accuracy and integrity of the workpiece. A more scientific selection method would clearly be an advantage, but has been hard to develop because of the complex interactions which determine grinding performance.
A recent paper [1] is something of a breakthrough in this respect. A model is developed which is robust enough to predict grinding forces, workpiece temperature, and roughness from basic grinding data: machine settings, wheel and coolant specifications, dressing technique and workpiece properties. It is built around an advanced model of abrasive mechanics [2,3], and makes use of recent analysis of heat transfer effects in grinding [4] to calculate temperatures.
To calculate the effect of dressing on wheel topography. the model makes use of published data on the mechanical strength of vitreous bonds and abrasive grits, and data on the statistical variation of this strength. [5-7]. This allows the prediction of fracture pattern of the wheel as it is dressed, to which its topography, and sharpness, are directly related.
Application of the same methods to the interaction of the wheel with the workpiece as it grinds should allow the wear rate of the wheel to be calculated. In what follows, a method for doing this is described. Combined with the force prediction model already developed, grinding ratios can be calculated for a variety of grinding processes for which measurements have been published allowing validation of the calculations. The resulting algorithms are incorporated into a windows based application [8] which allows all the above parameters to be displayed as a function of metal removal rate.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
WORLD CLASS TECHNIQUES
WORLD CLASS TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION
In today’s competitive environment, organizations have to compete at all fronts. Today customer not only buys the products or services but also likes to see the condition of the place where it is made. Customer determines the attitude of the organization towards quality, after seeing the methods of work and environment of the workplace.
According to a new Boston Consulting Group (BCG) study, top management around the globe will be looking towards Innovation, not just cost cutting and productivity gains, in 2004, to drive bottom line growth.
During the “Innovation to Cash” study, 90 % of respondents stated that the survival of organizations in the near future would hinge on competitive advantage derived from a creative and innovative workforce.
The challenge before today’s organizations is how to unleash employee creativity, maximize people value and build up intellectual capital.
A point of contention is whether the ‘value’ as seen by the business organization is the same ‘value’ as seen by the buying public. Are the functions whose value (cost-to-worth) the business organization is trying to maximize indeed reflects what the customers want? This project is taken up in order to benchmark the best World class techniques used in Indian companies and have hands on experience in application of these techniques.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
In today’s competitive environment, organizations have to compete at all fronts. Today customer not only buys the products or services but also likes to see the condition of the place where it is made. Customer determines the attitude of the organization towards quality, after seeing the methods of work and environment of the workplace.
According to a new Boston Consulting Group (BCG) study, top management around the globe will be looking towards Innovation, not just cost cutting and productivity gains, in 2004, to drive bottom line growth.
During the “Innovation to Cash” study, 90 % of respondents stated that the survival of organizations in the near future would hinge on competitive advantage derived from a creative and innovative workforce.
The challenge before today’s organizations is how to unleash employee creativity, maximize people value and build up intellectual capital.
A point of contention is whether the ‘value’ as seen by the business organization is the same ‘value’ as seen by the buying public. Are the functions whose value (cost-to-worth) the business organization is trying to maximize indeed reflects what the customers want? This project is taken up in order to benchmark the best World class techniques used in Indian companies and have hands on experience in application of these techniques.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Fuel Cells Car
Fuel Cells Car
ABSTRACT
Fuel cells cleave hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons that drive electric motors while emitting nothing worst than water vapor. Not only cars became cleaner, environmentally friendly, they could also become safer, more comfortable, more personalized and even less expensive in near future.
Today’s petroleum fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are only 20 to 25 % efficient in converting the energy content of fuels into drive-wheel power. In comparison, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is nearly twice as efficient, so it will require just half the fuel energy. Hydrogen gas used in fuel cell can be easily and economically extracted from various sources like natural gas, ethanol, electrolysis of water, sodium borohydried power etc.
By adopting hydrogen as automotive fuel, the transportation industry could begin the transportation from near could begin total reliance on petroleum to a mix of fuel sources. At present, roughly two third of oil imported in India is devoted to transportation. By supplementing oil, India can reduce dependence on foreign oil and foster development of local, more environmentally friendly energy sources. This effort will also introduce competition into energy pricing which could lower the costs in the long term.
INTRODUCTION
Energy required for all over the world for transportation and power generation. Present energy system involves above 80% of energy from conventional sources from burning of fuel. Convention sources are available for coming few years which having main draw back of pollution.
Today need for fuel which is,
1. Cheep and readily available.
2. Safe.
3. High energy density.
4. Have no harmful pollutants.
In the fuel cell chemical energy is converted in to in to electrical energy. That is used to drive the vehicle that responds just you would expect an internal-combustion (IC) engine to respond. Hydrogen, the most abundant element on earth, is rarely found in its pure form. Most fuel cell systems employ a component called reformer to extract hydrogen from hydrogen rich fossil fuel. The byproduct of this process is water vapor which not at all pollutes the environment.
Today’s petroleum fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are only 20 to 25 % efficient in converting the energy content of fuels into drive-wheel power. In comparison, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is nearly twice as efficient, so it will require just half the fuel energy. By adopting hydrogen as automotive fuel, the transportation industry could begin the transportation from near could begin total reliance on petroleum to a mix of fuel sources.
Now a day research on use of fuel cell is in progress, main field of research is for transportation, because fuel cell gives more efficiency, minimum maintenance cost and almost zero emission. HONDA, TOYOTA, HYUNDAI are on progress for development of fuel cell powered cars.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
Fuel cells cleave hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons that drive electric motors while emitting nothing worst than water vapor. Not only cars became cleaner, environmentally friendly, they could also become safer, more comfortable, more personalized and even less expensive in near future.
Today’s petroleum fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are only 20 to 25 % efficient in converting the energy content of fuels into drive-wheel power. In comparison, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is nearly twice as efficient, so it will require just half the fuel energy. Hydrogen gas used in fuel cell can be easily and economically extracted from various sources like natural gas, ethanol, electrolysis of water, sodium borohydried power etc.
By adopting hydrogen as automotive fuel, the transportation industry could begin the transportation from near could begin total reliance on petroleum to a mix of fuel sources. At present, roughly two third of oil imported in India is devoted to transportation. By supplementing oil, India can reduce dependence on foreign oil and foster development of local, more environmentally friendly energy sources. This effort will also introduce competition into energy pricing which could lower the costs in the long term.
INTRODUCTION
Energy required for all over the world for transportation and power generation. Present energy system involves above 80% of energy from conventional sources from burning of fuel. Convention sources are available for coming few years which having main draw back of pollution.
Today need for fuel which is,
1. Cheep and readily available.
2. Safe.
3. High energy density.
4. Have no harmful pollutants.
In the fuel cell chemical energy is converted in to in to electrical energy. That is used to drive the vehicle that responds just you would expect an internal-combustion (IC) engine to respond. Hydrogen, the most abundant element on earth, is rarely found in its pure form. Most fuel cell systems employ a component called reformer to extract hydrogen from hydrogen rich fossil fuel. The byproduct of this process is water vapor which not at all pollutes the environment.
Today’s petroleum fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are only 20 to 25 % efficient in converting the energy content of fuels into drive-wheel power. In comparison, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is nearly twice as efficient, so it will require just half the fuel energy. By adopting hydrogen as automotive fuel, the transportation industry could begin the transportation from near could begin total reliance on petroleum to a mix of fuel sources.
Now a day research on use of fuel cell is in progress, main field of research is for transportation, because fuel cell gives more efficiency, minimum maintenance cost and almost zero emission. HONDA, TOYOTA, HYUNDAI are on progress for development of fuel cell powered cars.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
BRAKING SYSTEM IN MIG-21 AIRCRAFT
BRAKING SYSTEM IN MIG-21 AIRCRAFT
ABSTRACT
This seminar examines the braking system in MIG-21 air craft. There are total six braking systems are used for controlling the speed of air craft which are operated mechanically, hydraulically and pneumatically out of six braking system wheel braking system and air brakes as well as flaps are more effective so by using these braking system MIG-21 aircraft can safely landed as well as fly in air.
INTRODUCTION
Primary purpose of the brakes is to slow down or completely stop the motion of moving system. (Such as rotating drum, machine or vehicle). Energy absorbed by the brake can be either kinetic or potential or both.
Braking system in MIG-21 (series) has been provided to reduce motion of the aircraft in air or to completely stop the motion of aircraft when it had landed. Reason behind the accident of MIG-21 is a high speed. So to reduce the speed and avoiding accident effective braking system is needed. From last few years the number MIG-21 aircrafts get felled. There are number of reason behind it but out of those reason one main reason is a speed. MIG-21 aircraft have a speed of about 2 mach numbers. Due to such high speed the pilot some time fails to control it and finally chance of the accidents get increased so to controlled such a high speed we can use effective braking system for MIG-21 and can save it.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
This seminar examines the braking system in MIG-21 air craft. There are total six braking systems are used for controlling the speed of air craft which are operated mechanically, hydraulically and pneumatically out of six braking system wheel braking system and air brakes as well as flaps are more effective so by using these braking system MIG-21 aircraft can safely landed as well as fly in air.
INTRODUCTION
Primary purpose of the brakes is to slow down or completely stop the motion of moving system. (Such as rotating drum, machine or vehicle). Energy absorbed by the brake can be either kinetic or potential or both.
Braking system in MIG-21 (series) has been provided to reduce motion of the aircraft in air or to completely stop the motion of aircraft when it had landed. Reason behind the accident of MIG-21 is a high speed. So to reduce the speed and avoiding accident effective braking system is needed. From last few years the number MIG-21 aircrafts get felled. There are number of reason behind it but out of those reason one main reason is a speed. MIG-21 aircraft have a speed of about 2 mach numbers. Due to such high speed the pilot some time fails to control it and finally chance of the accidents get increased so to controlled such a high speed we can use effective braking system for MIG-21 and can save it.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
BALLISTIC MISSILE
BALLISTIC MISSILE
INTRODUCTION
Unique among the countries of Asia, India finds itself threatened by two nuclear powers - China and Pakistan. The latter, using thinly-veiled nuclear blackmail tactics, has embarked upon a campaign of terror against India and considers itself immune from Indian retaliation thanks to its nuclear weapons.
To counter this dual threat, India must make a comprehensive ballistic missile defence system one of its major defence priorities. Indeed, an effective missile defence network, covering all major military, infrastructure and civilian targets could render the spectre of Indian cities being incinerated by a lunatic regime in Pakistan somewhat less likely and would offer a considerable buffer for India when considering the nuclear asymmetry vs. China.
It is no secret - thanks to the ever speculative Indian media - that India has expressed considerable interest in a number of anti-missile systems and has made some small purchases of ballistic missile defence technologies. Moreover, DRDO has often expressed the hope that its Akash SAM could offer the potential for development into an effective anti-missile system and has confirmed that it is working on a two-tiered missile defence network.
DRDO efforts aside, it is clear that imported systems would greatly accelerate Indian BMD ambitions and to this end, India is examining the Israeli Arrow, the Almaz design bureau's S-300 PMU-1/-2 and S-400 and the Antey design bureau's Antey 2500/ S-300VM.
This article will examine India's various BMD options and attempt to speculate on an effective combination for the comprehensive defence of India.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
Unique among the countries of Asia, India finds itself threatened by two nuclear powers - China and Pakistan. The latter, using thinly-veiled nuclear blackmail tactics, has embarked upon a campaign of terror against India and considers itself immune from Indian retaliation thanks to its nuclear weapons.
To counter this dual threat, India must make a comprehensive ballistic missile defence system one of its major defence priorities. Indeed, an effective missile defence network, covering all major military, infrastructure and civilian targets could render the spectre of Indian cities being incinerated by a lunatic regime in Pakistan somewhat less likely and would offer a considerable buffer for India when considering the nuclear asymmetry vs. China.
It is no secret - thanks to the ever speculative Indian media - that India has expressed considerable interest in a number of anti-missile systems and has made some small purchases of ballistic missile defence technologies. Moreover, DRDO has often expressed the hope that its Akash SAM could offer the potential for development into an effective anti-missile system and has confirmed that it is working on a two-tiered missile defence network.
DRDO efforts aside, it is clear that imported systems would greatly accelerate Indian BMD ambitions and to this end, India is examining the Israeli Arrow, the Almaz design bureau's S-300 PMU-1/-2 and S-400 and the Antey design bureau's Antey 2500/ S-300VM.
This article will examine India's various BMD options and attempt to speculate on an effective combination for the comprehensive defence of India.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
AUTOMATIC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The automatic transmission system is very advanced system and particularly used in foreign cars. This system provides comfort to the driver and make the driving more flexible to suit the drivers need with road conditions. Also, electronically controlled automatic transmission system creates compactness to overall control panel. So that the driver has need to select only correct mode.
Before doing advancement in this particular system, there is more friction present which directly affects the fuel economy. But now a days, the automatic transmission with Transaxle and overdrive unit (particularly fitted at higher gear) gives better fuel economy as compared to the manual operated gear box.
INTRODUCTION
In USA, the first automatic transmission with a torque converter an epicyclic gearing was introduced in mid 1930 and in Europe in 1950 Simple automatic system is refined by many advance features. So that the sophistication control of system is possible and also comfort to driver. Safety for passanger is increased. All automatic transmission systems are controlled with reference to vehicle speed and engine load. Due to electronic control used in transmission of power from engine to road wheel though the torque converter and its system on additional features may introduced.
e.g.
1) Indication of engine temperature and ambient temperature.
2) Skid prevention on icy road.
3) Rate of change of acceleration
In earlier systems these data are obtained by mechanical, electrical and pneumatic sensors. But now a days these data can be obtained from electronic sensors. In automatic transmission system, the driver only needs to manually select the forward set of gears (D-range) or the reverse gear(R-range). The automation changing gear ratio relieve the driver of the responsibility of selecting the best possible ratio for each condition and make driving easier and more comfortable.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
ABSTRACT
The automatic transmission system is very advanced system and particularly used in foreign cars. This system provides comfort to the driver and make the driving more flexible to suit the drivers need with road conditions. Also, electronically controlled automatic transmission system creates compactness to overall control panel. So that the driver has need to select only correct mode.
Before doing advancement in this particular system, there is more friction present which directly affects the fuel economy. But now a days, the automatic transmission with Transaxle and overdrive unit (particularly fitted at higher gear) gives better fuel economy as compared to the manual operated gear box.
INTRODUCTION
In USA, the first automatic transmission with a torque converter an epicyclic gearing was introduced in mid 1930 and in Europe in 1950 Simple automatic system is refined by many advance features. So that the sophistication control of system is possible and also comfort to driver. Safety for passanger is increased. All automatic transmission systems are controlled with reference to vehicle speed and engine load. Due to electronic control used in transmission of power from engine to road wheel though the torque converter and its system on additional features may introduced.
e.g.
1) Indication of engine temperature and ambient temperature.
2) Skid prevention on icy road.
3) Rate of change of acceleration
In earlier systems these data are obtained by mechanical, electrical and pneumatic sensors. But now a days these data can be obtained from electronic sensors. In automatic transmission system, the driver only needs to manually select the forward set of gears (D-range) or the reverse gear(R-range). The automation changing gear ratio relieve the driver of the responsibility of selecting the best possible ratio for each condition and make driving easier and more comfortable.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
AIR CONDITIONING OF MULTIPLEXES
AIR CONDITIONING OF MULTIPLEXES
INTRODUCTION
The Indian consumer is today more knowledgeable and demanding. With higher disposal income and relatively improved standard of living, people are ready to spend time at their chosen leisure centers for entertainment. The young generation today, believes in working hard, earning well and spending lavishly on recreation. Having all entertainment facilities such as theatres, video game parlor, food court, restaurants, supermarket and bowling alley and discotheque under one roof is become common.
Occasionally, one would like to spend available time with their family out of their home and unwind themselves from their daily routines. Multiplex is a building which provides all above mentioned facilities under one roof. First fully air-conditioned multiplex in India was launched in Ahemedabad four years ago and another five or six multiplexes have sprouted in Ahemedabad alone. Throughout the country more than 100 multiplexes are under construction and 500 more at various stages of planning. One or two decades ago in India ‘Multiplex’ concept is totally new. Few big theatres, auditoriums also can’t do full air conditioning. They used various types of ventilations, fans, air cooler. But this system does not give efficient air conditioning and comfortable environment. Also air cooling system produce lots of noise.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The Indian consumer is today more knowledgeable and demanding. With higher disposal income and relatively improved standard of living, people are ready to spend time at their chosen leisure centers for entertainment. The young generation today, believes in working hard, earning well and spending lavishly on recreation. Having all entertainment facilities such as theatres, video game parlor, food court, restaurants, supermarket and bowling alley and discotheque under one roof is become common.
Occasionally, one would like to spend available time with their family out of their home and unwind themselves from their daily routines. Multiplex is a building which provides all above mentioned facilities under one roof. First fully air-conditioned multiplex in India was launched in Ahemedabad four years ago and another five or six multiplexes have sprouted in Ahemedabad alone. Throughout the country more than 100 multiplexes are under construction and 500 more at various stages of planning. One or two decades ago in India ‘Multiplex’ concept is totally new. Few big theatres, auditoriums also can’t do full air conditioning. They used various types of ventilations, fans, air cooler. But this system does not give efficient air conditioning and comfortable environment. Also air cooling system produce lots of noise.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
AIR CONDITIONING OF MULTIPLEXES
AIR CONDITIONING OF MULTIPLEXES
INTRODUCTION
The Indian consumer is today more knowledgeable and demanding. With higher disposal income and relatively improved standard of living, people are ready to spend time at their chosen leisure centers for entertainment. The young generation today, believes in working hard, earning well and spending lavishly on recreation. Having all entertainment facilities such as theatres, video game parlor, food court, restaurants, supermarket and bowling alley and discotheque under one roof is become common.
Occasionally, one would like to spend available time with their family out of their home and unwind themselves from their daily routines. Multiplex is a building which provides all above mentioned facilities under one roof. First fully air-conditioned multiplex in India was launched in Ahemedabad four years ago and another five or six multiplexes have sprouted in Ahemedabad alone. Throughout the country more than 100 multiplexes are under construction and 500 more at various stages of planning. One or two decades ago in India ‘Multiplex’ concept is totally new. Few big theatres, auditoriums also can’t do full air conditioning. They used various types of ventilations, fans, air cooler. But this system does not give efficient air conditioning and comfortable environment. Also air cooling system produce lots of noise.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
INTRODUCTION
The Indian consumer is today more knowledgeable and demanding. With higher disposal income and relatively improved standard of living, people are ready to spend time at their chosen leisure centers for entertainment. The young generation today, believes in working hard, earning well and spending lavishly on recreation. Having all entertainment facilities such as theatres, video game parlor, food court, restaurants, supermarket and bowling alley and discotheque under one roof is become common.
Occasionally, one would like to spend available time with their family out of their home and unwind themselves from their daily routines. Multiplex is a building which provides all above mentioned facilities under one roof. First fully air-conditioned multiplex in India was launched in Ahemedabad four years ago and another five or six multiplexes have sprouted in Ahemedabad alone. Throughout the country more than 100 multiplexes are under construction and 500 more at various stages of planning. One or two decades ago in India ‘Multiplex’ concept is totally new. Few big theatres, auditoriums also can’t do full air conditioning. They used various types of ventilations, fans, air cooler. But this system does not give efficient air conditioning and comfortable environment. Also air cooling system produce lots of noise.
Download full seminar papers At
http://www.enjineer.com/forum
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)