ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ABSTRACT

The three definitions of intelligence given are:

1. Intelligence is a state grasping the truth, involving reason, concerned with action about what is good or bad for a human being.
2. The test of a first rate intelligence is he ability to hold two opposite ideas in mind and at the same time and still retain the ability to function.
3. The ability to learn or understanding from experience, the ability to acquire and retain knowledge and the ability to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation to a new situation; use of the faculty of reason in solving problems; directing the conduct effectively.

Clearly, there is no consensus on a clear definition of intelligence though all definitions seem to agree that intelligent behaviour would include the following traits:

• Learning
• Managing ambiguity
• Coping with complexity
• Responding quickly
• Reasoning
• Inferencing
• Priortizing.

Humans are blessed with the power of thinking. The structure of human intelligence and cognigence is hidden behind complex nervous systems. The world of Artificial Intelligence is developing with the hope that we shall be able to replicate some of the important features of human intelligence in machines and can use them for some constructive purposes.

AI is the branch of electronic science concerned with the study of computer systems that exhibit some form of intelligence: systems that can learn new concepts and tasks, systems that can reason and draw useful conclusions about the world around them.

After invention of computers many AI programs have been developed like DENDRAL- the system developed to determine structure of chemical compounds and MYCIN- an expert system which can diagnose infectious blood diseases. In today’s rapidly developing world the importance of Artificial Intelligence is increasing by leaps and bounds. It is used in most of the fields like computer games, Internet applications and mechanical applications.

The first of many steps towards AI was taken long ago by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). He set about to explain and codify certain styles of deductive reasoning that he called ‘syllogisms’. Ramon Lull (ca 1235-1316), a Catalan mystic and poet, built a set of wheels, called as ‘Ars Magna’ (Great art), that was supposed to be a machine capable of answering all questions. In modern world AI began to emerge as separate field of study during 1940s and 1950s when the computer became a commercial reality. The Japanese were the first to launch a very ambitious program in AI research and development. The European common market countries have jointly initiated are separate co-operative plan named ‘The ESPRIT program’, IBM, AT&T, Texas Instrument etc. have also initiated their programs in the field of AI. Some of the important events in the field of AI until now are,

Artificial Intelligence broadly defined, is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts. Intelligent behavior, in turn, involves perception, reasoning, learning, communication and acting in complex environment. AI has one of its long term goals, the development of machines that can do these things as well as human can. Another aim of AI is to understand this kind of behavior whether it occurs in machines or humans.

Perhaps due to a process of consensus among AI researchers, a quick sort program is not considered an AI program today, whereas a symbolic differentiation program is considered an AI program. What distinguishes the AI program is the knowledge of the techniques of differentiation. In other words, AI programs are knowledge-based programs. The excitement in the AI field is due to this knowledge processing. “Knowledge is power” after all!

There are four common ways of applying artificial intelligence:

1. Expert systems: This is a class of computer programs made up of a set of rules that analyze the information about the specific class of problems. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on them. Fuzzy logic is an extension of expert system technology.
2. Neural networks: There is no precise agreed definition amongst researchers as to what a neural network is, but most would agree that it involves a network of relatively simple processing elements where the global behaviour is determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters.
3. Genetic algorithms: The genetic algorithm( GA) is a heuristic method to find approximate solutions to difficult- to- solve problems through the applications of principles of evolutionary biology to computer science. GAs are designed to apply the’ survival of the fittest’ process to generate increasingly better solutions to the problem.
4. Intelligence agent: This is a software that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive computer related tasks.

To be able to create an artificial being is to secure that fact that we are not unique in this universe- that it is indeed easy to create a life form, and that we have the ability to create these easily. If this new artificial beings were created and allowed to roam around freely like normal people, they would most likely be distrusted and even discriminated against. There is no doubt that many would be afraid of what these new devices are, and the impacts and changes they could have as related to society. If at any time we do decide to create an artificial being, it would mean people would have to generate a new tolerance of these beings- something that has just barely begun to occur in places like the United States. The creation of an artificial being would have radical effects on every part of the society. From close examination, we can see two possible outcomes. The first outcome is that the world becomes united like never before. There mere existence of a life form other than our own could unite the people of the world in common goal, and universal peace would be achieved- because disputes fought by machines means nothing, and if a war would be fought, machines and not lives would fight. Since machines are so easily replaced, war would be virtually eliminated. The other possibility is that an artificial being would divide the world up. The scientists and great visionaries would worship the new creature as future of mankind.

Perhaps the hardest part about artificial intelligence will not, in fact, be in creating the intelligent creature, but to convince society to accept it as a normal member of the human race. For it is in acceptance that we gain true success.

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